摘要工業文明和生態文明相結合的發展模式使得工業企業生產誘發的碳排放廣受爭議。國際上已經采用針對產品碳足跡的全生命周期評估(Life Cycle Assessment,LCA)方法,以產品加貼碳標簽的形式引導全社會關注工業企業的低碳生產。本文遵循國際慣例和先進計量標準,將LCA方法和ISO14000系列國際環境管理標準相互融合,構建我國工業企業低碳生產的評估框架。在該框架下,以嘗試實施純糧固態發酵型白酒碳標簽的企業——江蘇湯溝兩相和酒業有限公司為案例,科學分解純糧固態發酵型白酒生產的LCA流程,準確界定該企業白酒生產碳排放的計量范圍,完成純糧固態發酵白酒生產過程中各個環節的活動數據搜集。在保證數據有效性和可靠性的前提下,將研究區域界定為從谷物原材料投入白酒生產到白酒產品到達一個新的組織為止,功能單位為一升純糧固態發酵白酒的碳排放。通過將LCA方法引入該企業純糧固態發酵白酒生產過程,動態計量并掌握了2009-2012年該企業純糧固態發酵白酒生產過程中各個特定階段的碳排放量,最終鎖定了與蒸酒蒸糧工藝密切相關的鍋爐環節是引發企業生產碳排放的關鍵環節,而外購電力消耗是引發企業生產碳排放,形成產品碳足跡的次關鍵環節。并建議企業在保持現狀基礎上,進一步利用技術創新減少廢水排放的COD濃度。籍此指明江蘇湯溝兩相和酒業有限公司生產純糧固態發酵白酒的低碳轉型路徑,為企業全面實施白酒碳標簽,履行社會責任奠定決策基礎。更為將該企業低碳生產評估與碳減排的方法推廣至我國工業企業提供一定借鑒與參考。
關鍵詞LCA;工業企業;低碳生產;評估;江蘇湯溝
中圖分類號X828文獻標識碼A文章編號1002-2104(2014)12-0074-08doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2014.12.010
研究表明,無論發達國家還是發展中國家,目前81%-90%的碳排放均來源于石化能源的消耗[1]。而石化能源消耗主要在工業領域,由此產生的CO2約占全球排放量的近40%[2]。在我國,1994年工業企業生產引發的碳排放量已經占據了全國碳排放總量的90%以上[3]。2005年,即使不計算煤炭發電的間接碳排放量,因企業煤電供應的直接碳排放量就占據了全國碳排放總量的44%[4]。由于推進工業化是實現我國現代化目標的主要戰略之一,未來較長時期內工業碳排放是碳排放主要源頭的格局難以徹底改變,降低碳排放已經成為我國工業企業的重要責任[5]。
作為全球及我國的第一大支柱產業,食品工業的產值多年來持續增長,2012年我國食品工業總產值已經達到8.96萬億元[6]。但同時,食品引致的碳排放量也已約占全球碳排放總量的18%[7]。因此,2007年英國政府率先在全球推出第一批包括奶酪洋蔥薯片在內的加貼碳標簽食品,意味著食品行業已經在國際上首批涉足碳標簽,并籍此要求食品供應鏈上的相關企業實現采用低碳生產,兌現在兩年內降低生產碳排放的承諾。而另一方面,海外消費者對酒類食品已初步形成環保、低碳的消費需求。如新西蘭推出了國際上首個加貼碳標簽的葡萄酒產品,包括歐盟、美國、泰國、韓國等國家和地區已陸續嘗試對部分酒類產品加貼碳標簽。白酒產品在我國歷史悠久,是極具中國文化特色的食品。2012年白酒產業的工業總產值產值達到4 476.04億元[8],其中純糧固態發酵型白酒作為我國白酒產品的典型,在海內外享有極高美譽。本文將以生產低碳、環保的純糧固態發酵型白酒產品為導向,通過推動生產企業對其產品加貼碳標簽,較為完整地評估企業低碳生產狀況。并建議企業適時適度地在其碳排放關鍵點采取減排措施,對切實引領我國食品企業,乃至整個工業企業的低碳生產轉型具有一定借鑒作用。
1基于LCA方法的工業企業低碳生產的評估框架從企業低碳生產的角度而言,碳標簽其實就是一種具有生態屬性的標志,提倡利用產品全生命周期評價(Life Cycle Assessment,LCA)方法,評估其低碳屬性[9]。研究表明,由于更多地涉及能源消耗,基于LCA方法的產品碳標簽必須重點考慮工業企業的生產過程[10]。因此,對工業企業而言,選擇產品加貼碳標簽的第一步就是在生產全程采取低碳生產措施,執行的基礎和依據就是ISO14000系列環境管理標準。該標準的本質就是強調企業產品從開始設計就應使用最少的資源,盡可能地降低對環境的影響,減少廢棄物的產生。
事實上,根本不可能將企業生產過程的環境管理從產品全生命周期管理中剝離[11]。在我國大多數工業企業中,貫徹與執行ISO14000系列環境管理標準可以進一步規范其環保型生產行為,從而保證生產過程中產品的低碳屬性。因此,需要強調的是,基于LCA方法的企業低碳生產評估框架必須與產品碳標簽設計,與企業生產過程的環境管理實現全面融合。
王曉莉等:基于LCA方法的工業企業低碳生產評估與推廣中國人口·資源與環境2014年第12期本研究將在碳標簽的設計框架下,基于LCA方法,以貫徹ISO14000系列環境管理標準為視角,建立我國工業企業低碳生產評估框架。其中評估的重點就是以碳標簽產品為目標,調查企業所有生產行為中可能引發的碳排放量(圖1)。
基于LCA方法構建企業低碳生產的評估框架,計量企業生產碳排放量即為分析產品在生產環節形成的碳足跡(Carbon Footprint,CF)。由于產品碳足跡只涉及計量其環境影響中溫室氣體(Greenhouse Gas,GHG)排放量,即氣候變暖因素,因此也被認為是LCA方法的一個分支[12-13],兩者具有一定同質性。
產品碳足跡的計量原則指明,CF包括計量生態承載力要求的對化石能源燃燒引致CO2排放的捕獲(通過光合作用)[14],涉及從產品對原材料消耗、生產到廢物處置的全生命周期的溫室氣體排放[15]。Wiedmann進一步指出,CF應包含生產行為所引發的直接和間接的所有溫室氣體排放[16]。
因此,本研究基于LCA方法評估企業低碳生產的原則與CF計量原則一致。均以產品全生命周期為導向,將企業生產行為所引發的直接和間接溫室氣體排放量,利用國際氣候變化專門委員會(The International Panel on Climate Change,IPCC)的全球增溫趨勢(Global Warming Potential,GWP)值,轉換成碳當量(Carbon Dioxide Equivalent,CO2e),與測量碳足跡的標準單位一致[17]。期望通過生產環節形成的產品碳足跡,完成對企業低碳生產狀況的考察與評估。
當然,要使得企業低碳生產評估框架更適用于我國各類工業企業,本研究將通過典型企業案例的分析,獲得企業層面可靠的環境數據,以進一步驗證調整該評估框架的可行性與具體可操作性。
3企業案例與計量原則的確定
3.1純糧固態發酵型白酒企業的案例
白酒企業作為我國傳統的食品工業企業,其白酒產品是中華民族食品的典型代表,在我國具有最為穩定的市場需求,消費規模穩步增長,產品產量逐年攀升。2012年我國白酒的銷售收入達到釀酒業的60%左右,遠超過啤酒、黃酒等其他酒類產品[8]。
其中,純糧固態發酵法是中國積累千年的傳統白酒生產工藝,在世界六大蒸餾酒中享有獨一無二的地位。所謂純糧固態發酵白酒是采用純粹的谷物原料,用曲經固態糖化、固態發酵、固態蒸餾后貯存和勾兌后生產出的具有我國特定品質的優質白酒,是中華民族傳統食品的典型代表。江蘇湯溝兩相和酒業有限公司(以下簡稱江蘇湯溝)較好地繼承了我國傳統的純糧固態發酵白酒的釀制技藝,企業倡導的制曲工藝、歷史泥窖固態發酵、合理的發酵周期和科學的蒸餾等釀造流程所生產的濃香型固態發酵的系列白酒是業內公認的品牌產品。本研究以純糧固態發酵型白酒加貼碳標簽為導向,利用企業低碳生產評估框架,將江蘇湯溝作為企業案例,分析白酒企業生產過程的碳排放量,即所形成的產品碳足跡,對推進企業低碳生產轉型,引領白酒行業的低碳發展具有一定的推廣價值。
3.2白酒企業生產碳排放的計量原則
本研究將遵照國際通用的IPCC計量口徑,將企業生產過程中所有溫室氣體排放轉換成CO2e形式。并兼顧目前國際公認的英國標準協會(British Standards Institute,BSI)頒布的《商品和服務在生命周期內的溫室氣體排放評價規范及使用指南PAS2050:2008》(Publicly Available Specification 2050:2008, PAS2050)中的LCA方法[9],參照加利福利亞葡萄酒機構(Wine Institute of California)、新西蘭葡萄酒生產者組織(New Zealand Winegrowers)、南非葡萄酒一體化生產組織(Integrated Production of Wine South Africa)和澳大利亞葡萄酒生產者聯盟(Winemakers Federation of Australia)推出的國際葡萄酒碳計算器(version 1.2 of the international wine carbon calculator,IWCC),即國際葡萄酒業計量產品碳足跡的準則[18],再結合世界可持續發展工商理事會(World Business Council for Sustainable Development,WBCSD)和世界資源機構(World Resources Institute,WRI)的溫室氣體排放盤查議定書(GHG Protocol),將白酒企業生產碳排放劃分為范圍Ⅰ的生產直接排放、范圍Ⅱ的外購能源和范圍Ⅲ的企業外購材料、廢物處置等環節的間接排放[19]。以上的LCA準則共同成為本研究計量白酒生產碳排放的計量原則。
另外,測量企業生產碳排放所采用的LCA方法有多種分析工具形態,可視不同的研究目標科學合理地選擇。由于本研究主要關注的是純糧固態發酵白酒生產過程的生命周期階段,客觀上需要選擇符合本研究的企業生產過程中特有的LCA研究類型(Stand Alone LCA),因此,還有如下的客觀要求:
(1)純糧固態發酵白酒生產環節中主要引發碳排放的所有相關的生產投入與產出的材料流、能量流和廢物流均需要包括在內。
(2)碳排放計量中使用的數據、參數等,尤其是生產過程中生命周期各個環節的材料流、能量流、廢物流等和活動水平數據和排放因子等相關參數均必須符合PAS2050重點定義所規定的范圍和要求。
(3)純糧固態發酵白酒生產過程中特定階段碳排放的分析計算,必須涵蓋PAS2050中所規定的主要計量項目,并剔除其特別指明的不需要計入的相關部分,如生產過程的人力資源投入等。
(4)利用PAS2050中規定的構成1%的商品或服務就釋放1%的溫室氣體的方法,確定最小計入范圍。本研究的相關分析并未采納歐盟標準排放貿易框架中3%的最小方法。
4計量企業生產碳排放的相關設定
4.1研究范圍
對于生產加工食品而言,通過實證案例的驗證,采用LCA方法計量加工食品不同階段的環境影響具有非常重要的價值,但由于從“搖籃”到“墳墓”的過程涉及農業種植、食品加工、包裝、運輸、零售、消費和廢物等不同環節,不同階段對應著不同的環境影響,鑒于獲得環境影響數據的難易程度,可以考慮在必須計量能源引致的排放和非能源引致的排放兩個方面的基礎上,適當簡化計算過程[20]。
本研究LCA方法的研究范圍是純糧固態發酵白酒在江蘇湯溝企業內部的釀造生產過程。研究區域界定為從主要原料和能源投入到純糧固態發酵白酒(原酒)的出廠為止。生產投入涉及原材料投入、能源消耗、內部運輸等環節;產出則主要包括生產排放、運輸和固液廢棄物。
4.2邊界準則
受限于數據的可得性以及可忽略的環境影響等,江蘇湯溝純糧固態發酵白酒的相關原材料入廠前及白酒出廠后的生命周期流程一并排除在本項目的研究范圍以外。如上所述,本研究的系統邊界計量的產品生命周期只包括從谷物原材料投入白酒生產直到白酒產品到達一個新的組織,不包括上游的谷物種植和運輸、下游的白酒產品分銷、零售、消費者使用、廢物處置與再生利用等(見圖2)。
本研究后續的計量分析將嚴格按照江蘇湯溝純糧固態發酵白酒生產的特定過程來展開,所需的原材料和能源等投入產出的數據等將嚴格依據上述研究范圍與確定的邊界準則。
4.3分配程序
同樣,需要說明的是,本研究僅涉及江蘇湯溝純糧固態發酵白酒生產過程的投入與產出的LCA系統,由于數據受限,并沒有包括原料生產、產品消費等碳排放計量的分配問題。
4.4功能單位
消費者最終消費的是瓶裝的江蘇湯溝純糧固態發酵白酒,而生產白酒的最終目的是服務于消費者的飲用需求。因此,雖然本研究范圍并未涉及純糧固態發酵白酒消費環節的碳排放,但是為方便后續研究的深入,本研究定義的功能單位為一升純糧固態發酵白酒的碳排放。
4.5LCA流程圖
圖2是江蘇湯溝瓶裝白酒生命周期所涉及的所有流程。本研究僅計量江蘇湯溝生產純糧固態發酵白酒過程的碳排放,而原料入廠前和成品酒出廠后的系統并不在本研究范圍內。
4.6碳排放計量范圍
依據本研究的計量原則,按照圖2所示的LCA流程示意圖,將江蘇湯溝純糧固態發酵白酒生產碳排放的計量分為三個范圍:范圍Ⅰ、范圍Ⅱ和范圍Ⅲ。
其中范圍Ⅰ的排放是企業可以通過所屬產權直接控制,包括鍋爐與發電機的能源使用、運輸設備的能源使用、生產過程能源使用、生產發酵排放、冷藏設備排放、固液廢棄物排放等;范圍Ⅱ則是企業外購的網電、熱力等;范圍Ⅲ是相關的供應鏈上下游企業產生的間接排放,涉及產品出廠后的運輸、消費和廢物處置。范圍的劃定是計量江蘇湯溝純糧固態發酵白酒生產碳排放的關鍵,區分范圍可以保證在企業層面上的碳排放不會被重復計量。對企業而言,范圍Ⅰ和范圍Ⅱ是所有工業企業衡量產品碳足跡和制定碳減排目標的關鍵,因此,本研究的碳排放計量范圍僅限于包括范圍Ⅰ和范圍Ⅱ。
5企業生產碳排放的計量過程及結果
PAS2050指出,比較相同產品隨時間動態變化的碳足跡的基本前提是采用完全一致的數據源、完全相同的邊界條件和其它完全等同的假設條件。依據上述要求,在企業以完全相同的統計口徑提供標準化數據的基礎上,本研究動態計量了2009-2012年間江蘇湯溝生產純糧固態發酵白酒的碳排放量。
5.1范圍Ⅰ的直接碳排放量
5.1.1鍋爐等固定能源消耗
依靠固定能源消耗的鍋爐在工作過程中會排放溫室氣體。將所有溫室氣體排放量乘以GWP值,折算為CO2e,即為碳排放量[21]。具體計算公式如下:
(1)通過計量分析特定生產階段的碳排放量,發現與蒸酒蒸糧工藝密切相關的鍋爐環節是引發江蘇湯溝純糧固態發酵白酒生產碳排放,形成產品碳足跡的關鍵環節;而外購電力消耗是在引發企業生產碳排放,形成產品碳足跡的次關鍵環節;雖然廢水COD對白酒企業生產碳排放的貢獻度不高,但如何在保持現狀中進一步減少廢水中COD濃度,實現穩步減排,這也對企業的廢水處理技術提出了新挑戰。可見,本研究為江蘇湯溝基于企業可持續發展戰略,在特定生產階段制定并實施嚴格、有效且低碳的生產工藝與技術標準,減少純糧固態發酵白酒的碳足跡提供了決策參考。
(2)本研究采用與國際接軌的基于LCA的PAS2050的計量原則,為工業企業提供了解自身低碳生產狀況,實施企業節能減排戰略,承擔企業社會責任提供依據。同時,也為消費者了解我國純糧固態發酵白酒產品的環保屬性,掌握在企業生產中產品碳足跡的構成,為企業進一步開拓消費市場奠定基礎。
(3)作為我國純糧固態發酵白酒的生產企業,以江蘇湯溝為代表的我國工業企業的節能減排與低碳生產應成為其永恒追求的目標。因此,本研究的計量分析結果證實,在企業低碳生產評估框架下,以產品為導向,促進企業低碳生產的現實路徑應通過產品供應鏈上各個成員的積極參與,并努力爭取當地政府的支持,方可逐步實現。
(4)本研究的計量結果為我國工業制品加貼碳標簽提供了有益參考。我國具有全球最大的食品消費市場,引導企業對其產品加貼碳標簽,對我國在更高層次上、更大范圍內引導工業行業的低碳生產與低碳消費具有不可估量的作用。
雖然本研究以純糧固態發酵白酒為導向,將江蘇湯溝生產碳排放計量設定在特定的邊界范圍內,但由于數據采集的有效性和可靠性,并沒有涵蓋產品出廠后的運輸、消費,以及谷物原材料生產等多個環節。顯然,實現產品碳足跡的全生命周期的計量,需要與目標企業緊密配合,相關的政策建議包括:
(1)建議目標企業強化統計數據的標準化、規范化建設,嘗試性擴展數據的統計范圍,研究有關碳足跡計量數據庫的建設,完善建立融財務核實、清潔生產審計、標準控制于一體的碳排放數據庫。
(2)建議目標企業加強與谷物生產基地,包裝、瓶蓋、印刷等配套企業的一體化建設,用技術標準、生產規范和經濟手段引領低碳生產。盡可能地減少供應鏈中數據的偏差和不確定性。如存在不確定信息,應給出對可能發生的數值偏離的定量估算,并說明可能引起差異的原因,并進一步測度相應活動數據。
(3)將碳排放計量范圍擴大至谷物生產、運輸與消費、廢物處置等環節,還需要企業重點對核算邊界的確定,以及對活動水平數據的收集方法和數值進行不確定性分析,并復核計算過程和計算結果。
(4)企業應加強數據質量管理,建立碳排放質量保證和質量控制的程序,以識別信息誤差和遺漏,并確立與保持一個有效的信息收集系統,實現對數據準確性的常規評估。只有不斷改進信息管理過程,方能最大程度保證企業低碳生產評估后的減排成效。
(編輯:劉呈慶)
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[22]國家統計局能源統計司. 中國能源統計年鑒[M]. 北京:中國統計出版社,2013. [Department of Energy Statistics of National Bureau of Statistics of the Peoples Republic of China. China Energy Statistical Yearbook[M].Beijing: China Statistics Press,2013.]
[23]中國電力年鑒編輯委員會. 中國電力年鑒[M]. 北京:中國電力出版社,2013. [Editor Committee of China Electric Power Yearbook. China Electric Power Yearbook[M]. Beijing: China Electric Power Press,2013.]
Based on the LCA Method the Assessment and Promotion of Low Carbon Manufacturing
in Chinas Industry Enterprises: The Case of Liquor Enterprise
WANG Xiaoli1,2WANG Haijun2WU Linhai1,2
(1. Food Safety Research Base of Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, China;
2. School of Business, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, China)
AbstractThe development mode of combination industrial civilization with ecological civilization makes the carbon emissions from industrial production is controversial. Through the products carbon footprint in life cycle analysis (LCA), and the carbon label is gradually used to introduce the attention on enterprises lowcarbon manufacturing. In this paper, the method of LCA and ISO14000 series of international environmental management standards were mutually balanced to build the evaluating framework of Chinese industrial enterprises lowcarbon manufacturing, which is introduced to analyze the case of Chinas typical liquor enterprise of Jiangsu Tanggou Liangxianghe Liquor Company that willing to practice carbon label. Through scientifically decomposition the LCA process and accurately definition the measure scope of enterprises processing on pure grains liquor by solid fermentation, we completed the data collection of each link in the process of pure grains liquor by solid fermentation. On the premise of ensure the data validity and reliability, we defined the study area as raw material, such grain and energy inputs to liquor products reached a new organization, and the function unit was carbon emissions from a liter of pure grain liquor by solid fermentation. Based on the LCA method, we dynamically measured and recognized the carbon emissions of the enterprise producing pure grains liquor by solid fermentation liquor in 2009-2012. The conclusions were the key point of carbon emission was boiler which closely related to steamed grain, and purchased electricity consumption was the secondary key point of carbon emissions. We suggested this enterprise on the basis of the status quo to increase technology innovation inputs to reduce waste water discharge of COD concentration. This results indicated low carbon transformation path of Jiangsu Tanggou Liangxianghe Liquor Company, also made the basis to fully practice carbon label and to fulfill social responsibility of this company. In the long run, these conclusions even take the method of carbon reduction for reference to all Chinas industrial enterprises.
Key wordsLCA; industrial enterprises; low carbon manufacturing; evaluation; Jiangsu Tanggou
[14]Global Footprint Network. Ecological Budget UKCounting Consumption[EB/OL]. (2007-5-4) [2012-3-6]. http://www.footprintnetwork.org.
[15]Carbon Trust. Carbon Footprint Measuring Methodology 1.3 [EB/OL]. (2007-2-2) [2012-3-8]. http://www.carbontrust.co.uk.
[16]Wiedmann T. Carbon Footprint and InputOutput AnalysisAn Introduction[J]. Economic Systems Research, 2009, 21(3):175-186.
[17]Forster P, Ramaswamy V, Artaxo P, et al. Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing [EB/OL]. (2007-2-4) [2012-5-8]. http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch2.html.
[18]Wine Institute of California, New Zealand Winegrowers, Integrated Production of Wine South Africa, Winemakers Federation of Australia. International Wine Carbon Calculator Protocol Version 1.2[EB/OL]. (2008-6-1) [2012-3-4]. http://www.wineinstitute.org/ghgprotocol.
[19]World Resources Institute (WRI)/World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). GHG Protocol Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard ICT Sector Guidance [EB/OL]. (2009-3-4) [2012-5-6]. http://www.ghgprotocol.org/feature/ghgprotocolproductlifecycleaccountingandreportingstandardictsectorguidance.
[20]Andersson K. LCA of Food Products and Production Systems[J]. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2000, 5(4):239-248.
[21]IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 1, General Guidance and Reporting[M]. Edited by Eggleston S, Buendia L, Kyoko M W et al. IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, 2006.
[22]國家統計局能源統計司. 中國能源統計年鑒[M]. 北京:中國統計出版社,2013. [Department of Energy Statistics of National Bureau of Statistics of the Peoples Republic of China. China Energy Statistical Yearbook[M].Beijing: China Statistics Press,2013.]
[23]中國電力年鑒編輯委員會. 中國電力年鑒[M]. 北京:中國電力出版社,2013. [Editor Committee of China Electric Power Yearbook. China Electric Power Yearbook[M]. Beijing: China Electric Power Press,2013.]
Based on the LCA Method the Assessment and Promotion of Low Carbon Manufacturing
in Chinas Industry Enterprises: The Case of Liquor Enterprise
WANG Xiaoli1,2WANG Haijun2WU Linhai1,2
(1. Food Safety Research Base of Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, China;
2. School of Business, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, China)
AbstractThe development mode of combination industrial civilization with ecological civilization makes the carbon emissions from industrial production is controversial. Through the products carbon footprint in life cycle analysis (LCA), and the carbon label is gradually used to introduce the attention on enterprises lowcarbon manufacturing. In this paper, the method of LCA and ISO14000 series of international environmental management standards were mutually balanced to build the evaluating framework of Chinese industrial enterprises lowcarbon manufacturing, which is introduced to analyze the case of Chinas typical liquor enterprise of Jiangsu Tanggou Liangxianghe Liquor Company that willing to practice carbon label. Through scientifically decomposition the LCA process and accurately definition the measure scope of enterprises processing on pure grains liquor by solid fermentation, we completed the data collection of each link in the process of pure grains liquor by solid fermentation. On the premise of ensure the data validity and reliability, we defined the study area as raw material, such grain and energy inputs to liquor products reached a new organization, and the function unit was carbon emissions from a liter of pure grain liquor by solid fermentation. Based on the LCA method, we dynamically measured and recognized the carbon emissions of the enterprise producing pure grains liquor by solid fermentation liquor in 2009-2012. The conclusions were the key point of carbon emission was boiler which closely related to steamed grain, and purchased electricity consumption was the secondary key point of carbon emissions. We suggested this enterprise on the basis of the status quo to increase technology innovation inputs to reduce waste water discharge of COD concentration. This results indicated low carbon transformation path of Jiangsu Tanggou Liangxianghe Liquor Company, also made the basis to fully practice carbon label and to fulfill social responsibility of this company. In the long run, these conclusions even take the method of carbon reduction for reference to all Chinas industrial enterprises.
Key wordsLCA; industrial enterprises; low carbon manufacturing; evaluation; Jiangsu Tanggou
[14]Global Footprint Network. Ecological Budget UKCounting Consumption[EB/OL]. (2007-5-4) [2012-3-6]. http://www.footprintnetwork.org.
[15]Carbon Trust. Carbon Footprint Measuring Methodology 1.3 [EB/OL]. (2007-2-2) [2012-3-8]. http://www.carbontrust.co.uk.
[16]Wiedmann T. Carbon Footprint and InputOutput AnalysisAn Introduction[J]. Economic Systems Research, 2009, 21(3):175-186.
[17]Forster P, Ramaswamy V, Artaxo P, et al. Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing [EB/OL]. (2007-2-4) [2012-5-8]. http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch2.html.
[18]Wine Institute of California, New Zealand Winegrowers, Integrated Production of Wine South Africa, Winemakers Federation of Australia. International Wine Carbon Calculator Protocol Version 1.2[EB/OL]. (2008-6-1) [2012-3-4]. http://www.wineinstitute.org/ghgprotocol.
[19]World Resources Institute (WRI)/World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). GHG Protocol Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard ICT Sector Guidance [EB/OL]. (2009-3-4) [2012-5-6]. http://www.ghgprotocol.org/feature/ghgprotocolproductlifecycleaccountingandreportingstandardictsectorguidance.
[20]Andersson K. LCA of Food Products and Production Systems[J]. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2000, 5(4):239-248.
[21]IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 1, General Guidance and Reporting[M]. Edited by Eggleston S, Buendia L, Kyoko M W et al. IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, 2006.
[22]國家統計局能源統計司. 中國能源統計年鑒[M]. 北京:中國統計出版社,2013. [Department of Energy Statistics of National Bureau of Statistics of the Peoples Republic of China. China Energy Statistical Yearbook[M].Beijing: China Statistics Press,2013.]
[23]中國電力年鑒編輯委員會. 中國電力年鑒[M]. 北京:中國電力出版社,2013. [Editor Committee of China Electric Power Yearbook. China Electric Power Yearbook[M]. Beijing: China Electric Power Press,2013.]
Based on the LCA Method the Assessment and Promotion of Low Carbon Manufacturing
in Chinas Industry Enterprises: The Case of Liquor Enterprise
WANG Xiaoli1,2WANG Haijun2WU Linhai1,2
(1. Food Safety Research Base of Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, China;
2. School of Business, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, China)
AbstractThe development mode of combination industrial civilization with ecological civilization makes the carbon emissions from industrial production is controversial. Through the products carbon footprint in life cycle analysis (LCA), and the carbon label is gradually used to introduce the attention on enterprises lowcarbon manufacturing. In this paper, the method of LCA and ISO14000 series of international environmental management standards were mutually balanced to build the evaluating framework of Chinese industrial enterprises lowcarbon manufacturing, which is introduced to analyze the case of Chinas typical liquor enterprise of Jiangsu Tanggou Liangxianghe Liquor Company that willing to practice carbon label. Through scientifically decomposition the LCA process and accurately definition the measure scope of enterprises processing on pure grains liquor by solid fermentation, we completed the data collection of each link in the process of pure grains liquor by solid fermentation. On the premise of ensure the data validity and reliability, we defined the study area as raw material, such grain and energy inputs to liquor products reached a new organization, and the function unit was carbon emissions from a liter of pure grain liquor by solid fermentation. Based on the LCA method, we dynamically measured and recognized the carbon emissions of the enterprise producing pure grains liquor by solid fermentation liquor in 2009-2012. The conclusions were the key point of carbon emission was boiler which closely related to steamed grain, and purchased electricity consumption was the secondary key point of carbon emissions. We suggested this enterprise on the basis of the status quo to increase technology innovation inputs to reduce waste water discharge of COD concentration. This results indicated low carbon transformation path of Jiangsu Tanggou Liangxianghe Liquor Company, also made the basis to fully practice carbon label and to fulfill social responsibility of this company. In the long run, these conclusions even take the method of carbon reduction for reference to all Chinas industrial enterprises.
Key wordsLCA; industrial enterprises; low carbon manufacturing; evaluation; Jiangsu Tanggou