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四大牧區畜禽業溫室氣體排放估算及影響因素分解

2014-12-13 05:41:13陳瑤尚杰
中國人口·資源與環境 2014年12期

陳瑤++尚杰

摘要畜牧業作為重要的產業部門,在滿足人們生活物質要求的同時,成為全球溫室氣體排放的主要源頭。本文以我國四大牧區為研究對象,量化測算其2001-2011年畜禽溫室氣體排放量,并運用LMDI模型對其影響因素進行定量分解,并針對性的提出畜禽溫室氣體減排的對策建議。結果表明:內蒙古、西藏和青海牧區的畜禽溫室氣體排放整體呈現增加趨勢,其分別由2001年的1 609.81萬t、1 230.64萬t和1 019.94萬t增加到2011年的2 617.71萬t、1 350.10萬t和1 065.43萬t,新疆牧區則呈現先增加后下降的趨勢,由2001年的1 666.37萬t增加到2006年的2 057.79萬t,隨后又遞減到2011年的1 419.91萬t,四大牧區的年均增長率分別為6.26%、0.97%、0.45%和-1.48%;經濟水平的提升是四大牧區畜禽溫室氣體排放的最主要因素,相比基期2001年,其使得四大牧區分別產生了123.64%、384.41%、1 715.50%和279.49%的溫室氣體排放增量;經濟效率對四大牧區畜禽溫室氣體排放具有較強的抑制作用,對四大牧區畜禽溫室氣體的減排效應分別達到了73.08%、199.04%、955.66%和503.25%,農業產業結構因素和勞動力因素對四大牧區畜禽溫室氣體排放的影響因地而異,其中農業產業結構因素對四大牧區畜禽溫室氣體排放的影響度分別為415.32萬t、-154.96萬t、48.76萬t和30.72萬t,勞動力因素的影響度分別為83.05萬t、52.98萬t、-348.96萬t和274.32萬t。最后,本文基于研究結論,總體上從規模養殖、科學養殖和清潔養殖三方面提出促進四大牧區畜禽溫室氣體減排的對策建議,并針對各個牧區的實際情況提出一些可操作的符合區域畜牧業發展實際的對策。

關鍵詞畜禽業;溫室氣體排放;LMDI模型;減排政策

中圖分類號S168文獻標識碼A文章編號1002-2104(2014)12-0089-07doi:103969/jissn1002-2104201412012

以全球變暖為主要特征的全球氣候氣象問題,成為人類經濟社會可持續發展不得不面臨的問題,而由人為溫室氣體排放導致的全球氣候變暖則愈發得到全世界的關注。現代農業作為一個重要的產業部門,在滿足人類最基本的物質需求的同時,大量化學生產資料和畜禽糞便等使得農業成為重要的溫室氣體排放源頭,而畜牧業溫室氣體則主要源于反芻動物腸胃發酵產生的CH4、畜禽糞便處理產生的CH4和N2O[1],從動物種類來看,反芻動物產生的溫室氣體排放最多,其次為豬,最少的是雞。而根據《牲畜的巨大陰影:環境問題與選擇》(FAO)中的相關調查數據顯示全球每年僅由牛、羊、馬、駱駝、豬和家禽的溫室氣體排放量的CO2當量占到了全球人為溫室氣體排放量的18%。隨著經濟的發展和生活水平的提高,人們對肉、蛋、奶等畜禽產品的大量需求,促進了我國畜牧業的迅速發展,然而快速發展的畜禽業引起了巨大的環境污染和溫室氣體排放,對周邊的生態環境帶來巨大的壓力[2]。我國是一個農業大國,畜牧業在國民經濟中占有重要地位,關系國計民生,關系到以牧為主的邊疆民族地區經濟的發展和民族間的團結和諧。因此,畜牧業要繼續穩定發展是肯定的。但是,我國是一個高度負責任的國家,在保護地球,保護人類的家園的大事上,應責無旁貸地行動起來。這就決定了未來我國畜牧業的發展必須走低碳畜牧業經濟發展的道路,需要轉變粗放的生產方式[3]。內蒙古、青海、西藏和新疆作為我國的四大牧區,其畜牧產業的規模化、現代化發展為國內畜禽產品的生產做出重要的貢獻,但是四大牧區的生態環境極為脆弱,以畜禽廢棄物污染、溫室氣體排放等為代表的畜禽環境問題使得牧區的畜禽持續發展面臨巨大的挑戰。

1文獻回顧

近年來國內外大量的學者、專家和相關機構開始強化對畜禽業溫室氣體排放問題的關注,并做了廣泛的具有開創性的研究,取得了一系列的理論和實證研究成果。對這些文獻進行系統的梳理,發現其具有一定的特征。從研究的起步時間和研究深度來看,國外專家的研究起步相對較早,且研究領域較為寬泛,研究深度較好,而國內則相對處于起步階段,相關研究相對滯后;從研究內容上來看,主要集中于畜禽溫室氣體排放的產生機理、溫室氣體減排的市場和行政措施,多從微觀領域入手,而國內則側重于概念描述、溫室氣體減排措施和區域畜禽溫室氣體排放量的測算等,多從中觀和宏觀領域入手。在影響因素的研究上,主要通過各種數學模型研究特定時間序列,進行影響因素分解,常見的模型有Kaya公式、回歸模型、IPAT模型、STIRPAT模型、迪氏對數指標分解LMDI等,這些因素分解的模型各有自身特定的適用性,在實際的應用中也取得了一定的成績[4]。胡向東、王濟民測算了我國2000-2007年的畜禽溫室氣體排放量,結果發現我國畜禽溫室氣體排放呈現先上升后下降的趨勢[5]。詹晶、張俊娜、鄧榮榮運用回歸模型分析了我國畜牧業甲烷排放的影響因素并提出適合我國低碳畜牧業的路徑,結果發現豬和羊是我國畜牧業甲烷排放的最主要貢獻者,并從飼料調節、糞便管理和政府調控三個方面提出我國低碳畜牧業發展的路徑[6]。還有大量的學者對溫室氣體排放及其影響因素進行了研究,但是這些文獻主要集中在能源消耗領域,因而忽視了其它的方面。本文選取牛、羊、馬、騾、驢、駱駝、豬、家禽和兔等動物為研究對象,測算我國四大牧區2001-2011的畜禽溫室氣體排放,并基于LMDI模型對其影響因素進行分解。

陳瑤等:四大牧區畜禽業溫室氣體排放估算及影響因素分解中國人口·資源與環境2014年第12期2研究方法與理論

2.1畜禽溫室氣體排放量的測算方法

結合相關的文獻,我們知道畜禽溫室氣體排放主要源于反芻動物腸胃發酵產生的CH4、畜禽糞便處理產生的CH4和N2O,其中反芻動物最多,因此畜禽溫室氣體排放量的測算必須從此視角入手。本文選取牛、羊、馬、騾、驢、駱駝、豬、家禽和兔等動物作為研究對象,借鑒前人的關于各畜禽的溫室氣體排放系數,測算四大牧區的畜禽溫室氣體排放量。其具體的測算方法如下:

其中,Et、ECH4和EN2O分別表示畜牧業總的溫室氣體排放量、CH4和N2O排放量。為了便于統一標準,根據增熱效應,將CH4和N2O轉化成CO2當量,其轉化系數分別為21和310。Ni表示第i種動物的平均飼養量,αi和βi表示第i種動物的CH4和N2O排放因子。目前國內關于畜禽溫室氣體排放的測算方法主要分為兩種,一種是借助IPCC國家間溫室氣體排放指南及其排放系數,另一種是在IPCC的基礎上,根據各省的收集參數(采食量、飼料種類、動物生產參數、氣溫、糞便管理方式、CH4轉化率等)確定溫室氣體的排放系數,但是這樣比較復雜,且不太成熟,因此本文采用前一種方式,但是可能使得區域間的差異化無法體現出來。由于各種動物的飼養周期不同,需要根據動物的出欄量和年末存欄量對平均飼養量進行調整,參考胡向東[4]提出的出欄率進行調整。當出欄率大于1時,其平均飼養量用出欄量除以365乘以其生命周期,主要有生豬、家禽和兔,其生命周期分別為200天[5]、55天[7]和105天[5]。對于出欄率小于1的動物,其平均飼養量由相鄰兩年年末存欄量的平均數表示。CH4的排放主要源于反芻動物的腸道發酵和動物糞便管理,N2O的排放主要源于動物的糞便管理。本文動物CH4的排放因子來源于2006年IPCC國家間溫室氣體排放指南[8], N2O的排放因子來源于胡向東[5],非奶牛是取黃牛和水牛的平均值。具體的排放因子見表1。

2.3數據來源及處理

牛、羊、馬、騾、驢、駱駝、豬、家禽和兔等動物存欄量和出欄量、畜牧業產值、農林牧漁總產值以及從事農業生產的勞動力數量均出自于四大牧區的統計年鑒。考慮到GDP不具有縱向可比性,因此本文中的畜牧業產值和農林牧漁總產值以2001年為基準年,換算為可比的實際產值。

3.2.3畜禽溫室氣體排放結構比較

反芻動物的腸胃發酵的溫室氣體排放量最多,而糞便管理產生的溫室氣體排放量次之。經過測算,四大牧區反芻動物的腸胃發酵的溫室氣體排放量最多,這也和相關文獻成果相一致。以2011年為例,內蒙古牧區反芻動物腸胃發酵溫室氣體排放量為1 459.51萬t二氧化碳當量,占到了整個牧區畜禽溫室氣體排放的55.76%;西藏牧區反芻動物腸胃發酵溫室氣體排放占總排放量的64.03%,青海牧區則占到62.27%,新疆牧區占到了55.67%;而糞便管理中產生的溫室氣體主要是氧化亞氮,以2011年的新疆牧區為例,糞便管理產生的氧化亞氮為547.11萬t二氧化碳當量,占到了畜禽糞便管理產生的溫室氣體排放總量的86.91%。在腸道發酵溫室氣體排放中,各個牧區間差異化明顯,內蒙古牧區排放最多的是羊,其次是其他牛,而奶牛的貢獻率逐漸增加,且在2011年超過了其他牛,位居第二;西藏牧區和青海則主要以其他牛為主,且遠遠超過其他畜禽種類;新疆牧區溫室氣體排放最多的是羊、其次是奶牛。由此,我們可以發現內蒙古牧區的畜禽溫室氣體排放源短期來看主要是羊,長期來看是奶牛;西藏和青海牧區畜禽溫室氣體排放源則主要是其他牛;新疆牧區畜禽溫室氣體排放第一大源是羊,而奶牛是其溫室氣體排放的第二大因素。

3.3測算結果的準確性評價

關于我國畜禽溫室氣體排放的權威數據相對缺乏,世界銀行曾統計中國農業甲烷排放由1991年的70 502.5 t增加到2010年的102 046.0 t。對于缺少四大牧區畜禽溫室氣體排放的數據的情況,本文結合一些學者的研究成果,進行比較分析。胡向東,王濟民(2010)測算得出西藏、新疆和內蒙古的畜禽甲烷排放分別為41.41萬t、50.15萬t和70.45萬t[5],閔繼勝,胡浩(2012)測算出內蒙古2008年的畜禽甲烷和氧化亞氮排放分別為64.55萬t和4.55萬t[10],田云,張俊飚,李波(2012)測算發現2010年內蒙古、西藏、青海和新疆的腸道發酵和糞便管理的碳排放分別為447.85萬t和64.17萬t、267.90萬t和12.27萬t、203.59萬t和11.60萬t、247.37萬t和28.94萬t[11]。經過對比分析,本文的測算結果和前人的研究成果基本相一致。

4基于LMDI模型的四大牧區畜禽溫室氣體影響因素分解本文基于LMDI因素分解模型、溫室氣體排放測算數據和相關統計數據,并借助Excel運算工具,從生產效率、產業結構、經濟水平、勞動力等四個方面對四大牧區畜禽溫室氣體排放的影響因素進行量化分解,得到各個影響因素的具體值,詳見表3。對其進行分析,我們可以得到以下結論:

(1)經濟水平的快速提升是導致四大牧區畜禽溫室氣體排放增加的最主要影響因素。相比2001年,經濟水平的提升分別使得內蒙古、青海、西藏和新疆四大牧區產生了1 246.12萬t、780.47萬t、459.22萬t和688.83萬t的溫室氣體增量,分別占到了其總效應的123.64%、1 715.50%、384.41%和279.49%。畜禽業的快速發展是實現農業、農村發展和農民增收的主要途徑,是實現“農民收入倍增計劃”和社會主義新農村的前提條件。由此,我們可以發現犧牲經濟發展以實現畜禽溫室氣體減排是不現實的,即在未來很長一段時間內,經濟水平的提升依然是導致我國畜禽溫室氣體排放的最主要因素,這是由現實經濟社會條件所決定的。

(2)畜禽生產效率對畜禽溫室氣體排放具有較強的抑制作用。相比基期的2001年,畜禽生產效率的提升分別使得內蒙古、青海、西藏和新疆四大牧區的畜禽溫室氣體減排736.59萬t、434.78萬t、237.78萬t和1 240.33萬t,分別占到了總溫室氣體排放效應的-73.08%、-955.66%、-199.04%和503.25%。經濟效率的提升,對畜禽溫室氣體減排的效果明顯,這就為四大牧區乃至全國畜禽溫室氣體減排指明了方向,要實現畜禽溫室氣體的減排就務必要提升其產出效率。不難預測,在今后一段時間內,效率因素依然是畜禽溫室氣體減排的最主要推動因素。

(3)農業產業結構對四大牧區畜禽溫室氣體排放的影響程度因地而異。農業產業結構因素對內蒙古、新疆和青海牧區畜禽溫室氣體排放呈現正向促進作用,且在內蒙古牧區這種促進作用最大,相比2001年,農業產業結構導致內蒙古畜禽溫室氣體排放增加了415.32萬t,而新疆牧區則增加了30.72萬t,差異化較為明顯;而農業產業結構因素對西藏牧區的畜禽溫室氣體排放呈現抑制作用,相比2001年,其對西藏牧區畜禽溫室氣體的減排效應為154.96萬t,減排效果僅次于經濟效率。

(4)勞動力因素對四大牧區畜禽溫室氣體排放的影響效果較小,且對四大牧區的影響程度亦因地而異。新疆牧區和青海牧區中勞動力因素對畜禽溫室氣體排放的影響程度大于其經濟結構因素,內蒙古牧區和西藏牧區的勞動力因素的影響程度均小于經濟效率、農業產業結構和經濟水平三個影響因素的影響程度。從作用方向來看,勞動力因素對內蒙古、西藏和新疆牧區的畜禽溫室氣體排放呈現正向促進作用,相比基期2001年,其分別導致了83.05萬t、提高畜禽養殖的規模化、集約化和標準化,可以有效提升單產水平,可以在減少動物養殖數量的同時減少單位產品的溫室氣體排放水平[12],這樣就能提升畜禽養殖的產出效率,不僅可以實現農牧民的經營收入,還可以實現畜禽溫室氣體的減排。在表3中可以看出效率的提升是四大牧區畜禽溫室氣體排放的最大抑制因素,尤其是新疆,然而,目前四大牧區中的內蒙古、西藏和青海的效率因素并不是特別凸顯,畜禽養殖主要以散養和放羊為主,養殖規模較小,畜禽產出效率較低。對此,四大牧區要針對自身特點,因地制宜,多措施并行,以全面的提升其畜禽產出效率,切實降低畜禽溫室氣體的排放強度,實現畜禽溫室氣體的減排和牧區生態環境的改善。

5.2科學養殖

除了青海之外,其他牧區的勞動力因素成為畜禽溫室氣體排放的重要推動力,這主要是由于廣大牧民的專業技術培訓不足,總體素質較低,為此要強化相關農牧民的專業技術培訓,實現科學養殖。反芻動物的腸胃發酵產生的CH4是畜禽溫室氣體排放的重要源頭。附著在瘤胃中的原蟲表面的產甲烷菌是CH4產生的載體,而減少瘤胃中原蟲的數量可以有效減少CH4產量的20%-50%[10]。科學的飼養技術能有效減少畜牧業的溫室氣體排放,研究表明合理的精飼料比例可以有效提升飼料利用效率,減少溫室氣體排放,而采食量與CH4產量呈現正向相關,合理采食量的確定也是減排的重要手段。優良動物品種的培育也是畜牧業溫室氣體減排的重要措施,有研究表明奶牛的能源投入產出比為14∶1,羊為50∶1,蛋雞為26∶1,豬為17∶1,火雞為13∶1,在同樣的飼料消耗下不同畜禽品種的生產效率差別較大,其溫室氣體排放也存在明顯差別,即使同樣的動物品種,雜交優選品種的生產效率就會高很多。因此,四大牧區畜禽溫室氣體減排必須遵循科學養殖,通過調整飼料結構、抑制產甲烷菌生長、培育優良畜禽品種、糞便無害化處理等手段,在提升畜禽生產效率的同時減少溫室氣體排放。

5.3清潔養殖

經濟水平的提升和人民生活水平的提升,使得畜禽產品的需求迅速增加,進而導致了畜禽溫室氣體排放量的增加,以內蒙和青海最為明顯,同時作為牧區,畜牧業以外的農業產業發展水平較低,產業結構不合理。為此,各大牧區尤其是新疆、內蒙和西藏要充分發揮地域文化和景觀特色,發展觀光農業和生態農業等,優化農業產業結構。其中,最為重要的是要推動畜禽廢棄物的清潔化處理,動物糞便是畜禽的CH4和N2O排放的主要貢獻者,合理的糞便管理措施可以有效減少環境污染的同時減少溫室氣體排放。四大牧區畜禽養殖大多是非集約化的,其動物糞便的無害化、資源化處理水平幾乎為零。而規模較大的養殖場的糞尿處理設施管理水平差,設施利用效率低下,造成糞便處理水平較低。為此,必須綜合各種措施強化大中型養殖場的動物糞便就地無害化、資源化處理水平,有效利用糞便處理設施,同時在有條件的地方建設沼氣工程,發展沼氣產業。對交通方便的散養戶,應以政府為主導,采用“車輛流動收集方式”,將分散的動物糞便集中起來進行資源化再利用。

(編輯:田紅)

參考文獻(References)

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[2]劉月仙, 劉娟, 吳文良.北京地區畜禽溫室氣體排放的時空變化分析[J].中國生態農業學報,2013,21(7): 891-897.[ Liu Yuexian, Liu Juan, Wu Wenliang. Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Greenhouse Gases Emissions from Livestock and Poultry in Beijing Area during 1978-2009[J]. Chinese Journal of EcoAgriculture,2013,21(7): 891-897.]

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[6]詹晶, 張俊娜, 鄧榮榮.我國畜牧業低碳化發展的路徑選擇——基于畜牧業排放源對甲烷增長的回歸分析[J].廣西社會科學,2012,(9):50-54.[ Zhan Jing, Zhang Junna,Deng Rongrong. The Low Carbon Development Path Selection of Livestock in China based on Animal Sources of Methane and Regression Analysis[J].Guangxi social science, 2012,(9):50-54.]

[7]劉培芳, 陳振樓, 許世遠,等.長江三角洲城郊畜禽糞便的污染負荷及其防治對策[J].長江流域資源與環境,2002,11(5):457.[Liu Peifang, Chen Zhenlou, Xu Shiyuan, et al. Waste Loading and Treatment Strategies on the Excreta of Domestic Animals in the Yangtze Delta[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2002,11(5):457.]

[8]IPCC. IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Volume 4: Agriculture,Forestry and other Land Use[R]. Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC,2006.

[9]徐國泉, 劉則淵, 姜照華.中國碳排放的因素分解模型及實證分析:1995-2004[J].中國人口·資源與環境,2006, 16(6):158-161.[Xu Guoquan, LiuZeyuan, Jiang Zhaohua. Decomposition Model and Empirical Study of Carbon Emissions for China,1995-2004[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2006, 16(6): 158-161.]

[10]閔繼勝,胡浩.中國農業生產溫室氣體排放量的測算[J].中國人口·資源與環境,2012,22 (7): 21-27.[Min Jisheng, Hu Hao. Calculation of Greenhouse Gases Emission from Agricultural Production in China[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment,2012,22(7):21-27.]

[11]田云, 張俊飚, 李波.中國農業碳排放研究:測算、時空比較及脫鉤效應[J].資源科學, 2012, 34(11):2097-2105.[Tian Yun,Zhang Junbiao,Li Bo. Agricultural Carbon Emissions in China: Calculation, SpatialTemporalComparison and Decoupling Effects[J]. Resources Science, 2012, 34(11):2097-2015.]

[12]李勝利, 金鑫, 范學珊,等. 反芻動物生產與碳減排措施[J].動物營養學報, 2010, 22(1):2-9.[Li Shengli, Jinxin, Fan Xueshan,et al. Ruminant Production and Carbon Emission Reduction Measures[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2010,22(1):2-9.]

Estimation and Effecting Factor Decomposition of Green House Gas Emission of

Animal Husbandry Industry in Four Pastoral Areas

CHEN Yao1,2SHANG Jie1,3

(1. School of Economics and Management, Northeast Forestry University, Heilongjiang Harbin 150040,China;

2. Publishing Center, Northeast Agricultural University, Heilongjiang Harbin 150030,China;

3. College of Management, Heilongjiang University of Scinece and Technology, Harbin Heilongjiang 150080,China)

AbstractAnimal husbandry industry as an important industrial department, not only met the peoples material life requirements, but also became the main source of global greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, we took the four major pastoral areas of China as the research objects, and measured the 2001-2011 livestock emissions of greenhouse gases. Meanwhile, LMDI model was used for quantitative analysis on the influence factors, and proposed the suggestions for livestock greenhouse gas emission reduction. The results showed that: the pastoral livestock greenhouse gas emissions of Inner Mongolia, Tibet and Qinghai presented the increasing trend, in 2001, the indexes were 1 609.81 million tons, 1 230.64 million tons and 1 019.94 million tons, respectively, in 2011 they were increased to 2 617.71 million tons, 1 350.10 million tons and 1 065.43 million tons. But in the pastoral area of Xinjiang, it showed a downward trend after the first increasing, increased from 1 666.37 million tons in 2001 to 2 057.79 million tons in 2006, then decreased to 1 419.91 million tons in 2011. An annual average increaseing rate of four pastoral areas was 6.26%, 0.97%, 0.45% and -1.48%, respectively, and the main reason for livestock and poultry greenhouse gas emissions in four major pastoral areas was the economic development. Compared with 2001, it made the four major pastoral areas produced 123.64%, 384.41%, 1 715.50% and 279.49%, respectively increment of greenhouse gas emissions; economic efficiency had strong inhibitory effects on livestock greenhouse gas emissions in four major pastoral areas, and its emission reduction effects on livestock greenhouse gas were 73.08%, 199.04%, 955.66% and 503.25% respectively, in the four major pastoral areas. The effect of agricultural industrial structure and labor force factors on livestock and poultry greenhouse gas emissions in four major pastoral areas varied by regions.The agricultural structure factors which affected livestock and poultry greenhouse gas emissions in the four major pastoral areas were 415.32 million tons, -154.96 million tons, 48.76 million tons and 30.72 million tons, impact of labor factors were 83.05 million tons, 52.98 million tons, -348.96 million tons and 274.32 million tons. Finally, based on the research conclusion, from the scale breeding, scientific farming and polluting culture, we put forward some suggestions for reducing the livestock greenhouse gas emission in the four major pastoral areas, and put forward some feasible countermeasures for local animal husbandry actual development according to the actual situations in various pastoral areas.

Key wordsanimal husbandry industry; greenhouse gas emission; LMDI model; emission reduction policy

[5]胡向東, 王濟民.中國畜禽溫室氣體排放量估算[J].農業工程報,2010,26(10):247-252.[Hu Xiangdong, Wang Jimin. Estimation of Livestock Greenhouse Gases Discharge in China[J]. Transactions of the CSAE, 2010,26(10): 247-252.]

[6]詹晶, 張俊娜, 鄧榮榮.我國畜牧業低碳化發展的路徑選擇——基于畜牧業排放源對甲烷增長的回歸分析[J].廣西社會科學,2012,(9):50-54.[ Zhan Jing, Zhang Junna,Deng Rongrong. The Low Carbon Development Path Selection of Livestock in China based on Animal Sources of Methane and Regression Analysis[J].Guangxi social science, 2012,(9):50-54.]

[7]劉培芳, 陳振樓, 許世遠,等.長江三角洲城郊畜禽糞便的污染負荷及其防治對策[J].長江流域資源與環境,2002,11(5):457.[Liu Peifang, Chen Zhenlou, Xu Shiyuan, et al. Waste Loading and Treatment Strategies on the Excreta of Domestic Animals in the Yangtze Delta[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2002,11(5):457.]

[8]IPCC. IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Volume 4: Agriculture,Forestry and other Land Use[R]. Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC,2006.

[9]徐國泉, 劉則淵, 姜照華.中國碳排放的因素分解模型及實證分析:1995-2004[J].中國人口·資源與環境,2006, 16(6):158-161.[Xu Guoquan, LiuZeyuan, Jiang Zhaohua. Decomposition Model and Empirical Study of Carbon Emissions for China,1995-2004[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2006, 16(6): 158-161.]

[10]閔繼勝,胡浩.中國農業生產溫室氣體排放量的測算[J].中國人口·資源與環境,2012,22 (7): 21-27.[Min Jisheng, Hu Hao. Calculation of Greenhouse Gases Emission from Agricultural Production in China[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment,2012,22(7):21-27.]

[11]田云, 張俊飚, 李波.中國農業碳排放研究:測算、時空比較及脫鉤效應[J].資源科學, 2012, 34(11):2097-2105.[Tian Yun,Zhang Junbiao,Li Bo. Agricultural Carbon Emissions in China: Calculation, SpatialTemporalComparison and Decoupling Effects[J]. Resources Science, 2012, 34(11):2097-2015.]

[12]李勝利, 金鑫, 范學珊,等. 反芻動物生產與碳減排措施[J].動物營養學報, 2010, 22(1):2-9.[Li Shengli, Jinxin, Fan Xueshan,et al. Ruminant Production and Carbon Emission Reduction Measures[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2010,22(1):2-9.]

Estimation and Effecting Factor Decomposition of Green House Gas Emission of

Animal Husbandry Industry in Four Pastoral Areas

CHEN Yao1,2SHANG Jie1,3

(1. School of Economics and Management, Northeast Forestry University, Heilongjiang Harbin 150040,China;

2. Publishing Center, Northeast Agricultural University, Heilongjiang Harbin 150030,China;

3. College of Management, Heilongjiang University of Scinece and Technology, Harbin Heilongjiang 150080,China)

AbstractAnimal husbandry industry as an important industrial department, not only met the peoples material life requirements, but also became the main source of global greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, we took the four major pastoral areas of China as the research objects, and measured the 2001-2011 livestock emissions of greenhouse gases. Meanwhile, LMDI model was used for quantitative analysis on the influence factors, and proposed the suggestions for livestock greenhouse gas emission reduction. The results showed that: the pastoral livestock greenhouse gas emissions of Inner Mongolia, Tibet and Qinghai presented the increasing trend, in 2001, the indexes were 1 609.81 million tons, 1 230.64 million tons and 1 019.94 million tons, respectively, in 2011 they were increased to 2 617.71 million tons, 1 350.10 million tons and 1 065.43 million tons. But in the pastoral area of Xinjiang, it showed a downward trend after the first increasing, increased from 1 666.37 million tons in 2001 to 2 057.79 million tons in 2006, then decreased to 1 419.91 million tons in 2011. An annual average increaseing rate of four pastoral areas was 6.26%, 0.97%, 0.45% and -1.48%, respectively, and the main reason for livestock and poultry greenhouse gas emissions in four major pastoral areas was the economic development. Compared with 2001, it made the four major pastoral areas produced 123.64%, 384.41%, 1 715.50% and 279.49%, respectively increment of greenhouse gas emissions; economic efficiency had strong inhibitory effects on livestock greenhouse gas emissions in four major pastoral areas, and its emission reduction effects on livestock greenhouse gas were 73.08%, 199.04%, 955.66% and 503.25% respectively, in the four major pastoral areas. The effect of agricultural industrial structure and labor force factors on livestock and poultry greenhouse gas emissions in four major pastoral areas varied by regions.The agricultural structure factors which affected livestock and poultry greenhouse gas emissions in the four major pastoral areas were 415.32 million tons, -154.96 million tons, 48.76 million tons and 30.72 million tons, impact of labor factors were 83.05 million tons, 52.98 million tons, -348.96 million tons and 274.32 million tons. Finally, based on the research conclusion, from the scale breeding, scientific farming and polluting culture, we put forward some suggestions for reducing the livestock greenhouse gas emission in the four major pastoral areas, and put forward some feasible countermeasures for local animal husbandry actual development according to the actual situations in various pastoral areas.

Key wordsanimal husbandry industry; greenhouse gas emission; LMDI model; emission reduction policy

[5]胡向東, 王濟民.中國畜禽溫室氣體排放量估算[J].農業工程報,2010,26(10):247-252.[Hu Xiangdong, Wang Jimin. Estimation of Livestock Greenhouse Gases Discharge in China[J]. Transactions of the CSAE, 2010,26(10): 247-252.]

[6]詹晶, 張俊娜, 鄧榮榮.我國畜牧業低碳化發展的路徑選擇——基于畜牧業排放源對甲烷增長的回歸分析[J].廣西社會科學,2012,(9):50-54.[ Zhan Jing, Zhang Junna,Deng Rongrong. The Low Carbon Development Path Selection of Livestock in China based on Animal Sources of Methane and Regression Analysis[J].Guangxi social science, 2012,(9):50-54.]

[7]劉培芳, 陳振樓, 許世遠,等.長江三角洲城郊畜禽糞便的污染負荷及其防治對策[J].長江流域資源與環境,2002,11(5):457.[Liu Peifang, Chen Zhenlou, Xu Shiyuan, et al. Waste Loading and Treatment Strategies on the Excreta of Domestic Animals in the Yangtze Delta[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2002,11(5):457.]

[8]IPCC. IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Volume 4: Agriculture,Forestry and other Land Use[R]. Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC,2006.

[9]徐國泉, 劉則淵, 姜照華.中國碳排放的因素分解模型及實證分析:1995-2004[J].中國人口·資源與環境,2006, 16(6):158-161.[Xu Guoquan, LiuZeyuan, Jiang Zhaohua. Decomposition Model and Empirical Study of Carbon Emissions for China,1995-2004[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2006, 16(6): 158-161.]

[10]閔繼勝,胡浩.中國農業生產溫室氣體排放量的測算[J].中國人口·資源與環境,2012,22 (7): 21-27.[Min Jisheng, Hu Hao. Calculation of Greenhouse Gases Emission from Agricultural Production in China[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment,2012,22(7):21-27.]

[11]田云, 張俊飚, 李波.中國農業碳排放研究:測算、時空比較及脫鉤效應[J].資源科學, 2012, 34(11):2097-2105.[Tian Yun,Zhang Junbiao,Li Bo. Agricultural Carbon Emissions in China: Calculation, SpatialTemporalComparison and Decoupling Effects[J]. Resources Science, 2012, 34(11):2097-2015.]

[12]李勝利, 金鑫, 范學珊,等. 反芻動物生產與碳減排措施[J].動物營養學報, 2010, 22(1):2-9.[Li Shengli, Jinxin, Fan Xueshan,et al. Ruminant Production and Carbon Emission Reduction Measures[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2010,22(1):2-9.]

Estimation and Effecting Factor Decomposition of Green House Gas Emission of

Animal Husbandry Industry in Four Pastoral Areas

CHEN Yao1,2SHANG Jie1,3

(1. School of Economics and Management, Northeast Forestry University, Heilongjiang Harbin 150040,China;

2. Publishing Center, Northeast Agricultural University, Heilongjiang Harbin 150030,China;

3. College of Management, Heilongjiang University of Scinece and Technology, Harbin Heilongjiang 150080,China)

AbstractAnimal husbandry industry as an important industrial department, not only met the peoples material life requirements, but also became the main source of global greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, we took the four major pastoral areas of China as the research objects, and measured the 2001-2011 livestock emissions of greenhouse gases. Meanwhile, LMDI model was used for quantitative analysis on the influence factors, and proposed the suggestions for livestock greenhouse gas emission reduction. The results showed that: the pastoral livestock greenhouse gas emissions of Inner Mongolia, Tibet and Qinghai presented the increasing trend, in 2001, the indexes were 1 609.81 million tons, 1 230.64 million tons and 1 019.94 million tons, respectively, in 2011 they were increased to 2 617.71 million tons, 1 350.10 million tons and 1 065.43 million tons. But in the pastoral area of Xinjiang, it showed a downward trend after the first increasing, increased from 1 666.37 million tons in 2001 to 2 057.79 million tons in 2006, then decreased to 1 419.91 million tons in 2011. An annual average increaseing rate of four pastoral areas was 6.26%, 0.97%, 0.45% and -1.48%, respectively, and the main reason for livestock and poultry greenhouse gas emissions in four major pastoral areas was the economic development. Compared with 2001, it made the four major pastoral areas produced 123.64%, 384.41%, 1 715.50% and 279.49%, respectively increment of greenhouse gas emissions; economic efficiency had strong inhibitory effects on livestock greenhouse gas emissions in four major pastoral areas, and its emission reduction effects on livestock greenhouse gas were 73.08%, 199.04%, 955.66% and 503.25% respectively, in the four major pastoral areas. The effect of agricultural industrial structure and labor force factors on livestock and poultry greenhouse gas emissions in four major pastoral areas varied by regions.The agricultural structure factors which affected livestock and poultry greenhouse gas emissions in the four major pastoral areas were 415.32 million tons, -154.96 million tons, 48.76 million tons and 30.72 million tons, impact of labor factors were 83.05 million tons, 52.98 million tons, -348.96 million tons and 274.32 million tons. Finally, based on the research conclusion, from the scale breeding, scientific farming and polluting culture, we put forward some suggestions for reducing the livestock greenhouse gas emission in the four major pastoral areas, and put forward some feasible countermeasures for local animal husbandry actual development according to the actual situations in various pastoral areas.

Key wordsanimal husbandry industry; greenhouse gas emission; LMDI model; emission reduction policy

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