周申蓓++杜阿敏
摘要近年來,我國流域水資源系統退化問題日趨嚴重。水質惡化、水生態環境退化以及突發性水危機事件常態化等,使得流域水資源反退化能力建設備受重視。環太湖區域作為率先進入現代化建設的示范區,太湖水資源反退化能力建設是區域現代化建設的重要組成部分。為提升太湖流域水資源反退化能力,從水資源供需管理視角出發,構建了供需兩側流域水資源反退化能力評價指標體系,應用全排列綜合圖示法分析了2001-2012年太湖流域供需兩側水資源反退化能力綜合發展指數、發展演變速度及其變化原因,以二維空間矩陣形式對流域水資源反退化能力進行了綜合評價。結果表明:近10年來,太湖流域供需兩側水資源反退化能力綜合發展指數總體呈上升趨勢,自2006年起,需求側一直高于供給側,供需兩側正向協調作用沒有很好地顯現;流域反退化能力發展演變速度總體波動較大,由于社會經濟發展、用水效率以及污染治理等因素變化,個別年份需求側水資源反退化能力出現下降現象;在供水管理方面,自然生態環境的退化是導致供給側水資源反退化能力下降的主要原因。基于上述結論,分別從供水管理和需水管理角度提出了增強太湖流水資源反退化能力的對策和建議。
關鍵詞水資源反退化;水資源供需管理;全排列綜合圖示法;太湖流域
中圖分類號X22文獻標識碼A文章編號1002-2104(2014)12-0125-07doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2014.12.017
太湖流域作為我國經濟社會最發達的區域之一,已經開始邁入現代化建設的轉型發展時期,資源環境的可持續保護和發展將成為該區域未來發展的主題之一[1]。環太湖地區作為全國率先實現現代化的建設示范區,優越的水資源自然條件是區域社會經濟快速發展的根本保障。然而,隨著流域社會經濟的高速發展及環境治理相對滯后,水資源日漸退化并由此引發了一系列的生態與環境問題。從1990年的上海清草沙水庫的論證,到2000年的零點行動,再到2007年后的無錫藍藻多次爆發,太湖的水污染治理問題一直是社會各界關注的熱點。2001年太湖流域河流水質劣V類比例占13.7%,至2007年劣V類水質比例已達64.7%,2012年湖泊總體水質呈劣V類。由于富營養化的影響,時至今日,太湖湖體已經由草型湖泊轉化為藻型湖泊,水環境容量和自凈能力均出現下降趨勢,太湖水體已經隱現退化憂患。同時,這種退化在社會生產的過程中也越來越被民眾所感知,人們逐步習慣于各類突發性水污染事件的發生。
水資源系統退化是水資源過度耗散或降級后在相當長時間內無法自我修復或再生而出現的環境惡化過程,并導致了水生態系統的崩潰及野生生物的消失。因自然因素導致水資源的退化過程極其緩慢,一般至少需要數世紀的退化過程,但自工業革命以來由于人類活動導致水土資源退化的現象已經引起全世界的廣泛關注。為應對水資源系統退化的風險,美國率先將反退化的思想作為清潔水法的基礎和核心[2]。從最嚴格水資源管理的三條紅線開始,我國水資源反退化的實踐與研究才剛剛起步,但現實中的水資源退化問題已經迫在眉睫。目前,水資源反退化能力尚是一個外延模糊的概念。結合相關研究[2-4],水資源反退化能力是指人類通過調整自身水事行為促使水資源系統恢復和保持健康狀態,維持和提升水資源自然子系統在通量和質量上對水資源社會子系統支持功能的能力。由于人類社會經濟性活動對水資源系統的功能支撐和機能影響是多方面、多層次的,因此,影響水資源系統反退化能力的因素也相當復雜。如何設計考慮影響水資源系統反退化能力眾多因素的評價方法,為提升水資源反退化能力提供有效的管理支撐,仍是一個任重道遠的過程。
水資源供需管理理論為研究水資源反退化能力影響因素和提升水資源反退化能力提供了一個新的視角。水資源供需管理理論認為,對于特定的區域或流域,水資源管理過程應包括對供給側和需求側兩側的管理過程,并分別對應供水管理和需水管理。供水管理主要指人們應按照自然規律從自然界取水,基本原則是確保水資源的可持續開發和保護;需水管理主要指人們從自然側取得水資源后,按照政治、經濟和社會系統的運行規律進行多層水資源配置,強調對進入不同社會生產領域的生產關系中的水資源進行管理,包括對各種形態和品質的水產品及其副產品的管理[5]。基于水資源供需管理理論,流域水資源反退化能力可認為是在供水管理過程和需水管理過程中共同實現的,是供水管理過程和需水管理過程中形成的水資源反退化能力。因此,流域水資源反退化能力建設可以通過提高水資源供需管理能力來實現。通過供水管理,自然側向社會側提供可持續的水資源量,是水資源系統穩定的物質基礎;通過需水管理,社會側對自然側提供的水資源進行合理優化配置,并對有害的副產品減量化和無害化,為維系流域水資源系統的穩定提供能量支撐。流域水資源反退化能力由水資源供需管理過程中供給側與需求側各種影響因素共同決定。
鑒于此,本文選取近年來經濟社會發展迅速、水資源退化問題日益突出的太湖流域為研究對象,分別對供給側和需求側分析流域水資源反退化能力影響因素和構建評價指標體系,從流域供給側和需求側兩個方面對太湖流域水資源反退化能力進行綜合評價,并討論提升流域水資源反退化能力的途徑。
1方法與數據
1.1研究方法
1.1.1全排列多邊形綜合圖示法
全排列綜合圖示法是由我國學者吳瓊等在對生態城市指標體系與評價方法的研究中提出的一種指標綜合評價方法[6]。該評價方法的代數計算結果考慮了各級指標臨界值對綜合指標的放大和緊縮效應,因而能夠充分反映整體大于或者小于部分之和的系統整合原理。同時,該方法還可通過簡單圖示反映系統利導因子和限制因子,即反映系統呈現當前狀態的具體原因。目前,全排列綜合圖示法被廣泛應用于生態系統評價[7]、城市可持續發展評價[8]、水質綜合評價[9]以及水環境安全評價[10]等領域。一般而言,該方法不設置指標權重參數,只依據實測數據確定與決策相關的上限、下限和臨界值,減少了賦權的主觀性[8-10]。Jiasheng Jin等曾嘗試引入權重參數對原方法進行修正,但同時認為采用群組決策的方法設置權重使得研究過程無法避免主觀干擾[11]。為降低主觀干擾性,同時為使圖示更加直觀和真實地反映系統利導因子和限制因子,本研究沿用吳瓊等最初提出的全排列綜合圖示法進行研究。本研究選用全排列綜合圖示法對太湖流域水資源反退化能力進行評價研究,不但可以綜合分析2001-2012年太湖流域供需兩側水資源反退化能力綜合發展指數及其發展演變速度的宏觀狀態,還可以定量分析不同微觀因子對水資源系統反退化能力的影響程度。
周申蓓等:基于供需管理的太湖流域水資源反退化能力研究中國人口·資源與環境2014年第12期全排列多邊形綜合圖示法中,設共有n個指標(標準化后的值),以這些指標的上限值為半徑構成一個中心n邊形,各指標值的連線構成一個不規則中心n邊形,這個不規則中心n邊形的頂點是n個指標的一個首尾相接的全排列,n個指標總共可以構成3結論與建議
對太湖流域2001-2012年供需兩側水資源反退化能力綜合發展指數、發展演變速度及原因分析結果表明:①近10年來,太湖流域供需兩側水資源反退化能力綜合發展指數總體呈上升趨勢,且自2006年起,需求側一直高于供給側;②太湖流域供需兩側水資源反退化能力發展演化速度總體波動較大,個別年份出現負增長,且供給側出現負增長頻率和幅度均高于需求側;③太湖流域相關部門在注重和加強需求側排污控制管理時,在經濟投入、提高用水效率和污染治理方面的工作卻相對滯后,是導致需求側水資源反退化能力出現負增長的主要原因;④太湖流域相關部門在水土保持建設、地下水開采控制、河流污染治理方面取得了一定的成效,但在生態建設方面卻相對滯后,水環境污染及水資源過度開發利用問題也沒有得到根本性的解決,是導致供給側水資源反退化能力出現負增長的主要原因。
根據上述分析,本研究認為,要提升太湖流域水資源反退化能力,可以從流域水資源供給側和需求側兩個方面尋求對策:
(1) 對于需求側,太湖流域相關部門應在鞏固提升工農業生產及居民生活排污管控方面工作成果的同時,著重加強提高社會經濟發展水平、用水效率水平和污染治理等方面的工作。例如,可通過推行階梯水價和階梯排污費政策提高用水效率和排污管控水平,通過適度提高城市非生產生活用水比重改善流域水環境。
(2) 對于供給側,太湖流域相關部門應在鞏固提升水土保持建設、地下水開采控制、河流污染治理方面工作成果的同時,適當加強生態建設投入。例如,可以適當提高流域水保及生態投資比重,加強自然生態保護區的維護,合理提高生態用水比重,并適度降低水資源開發利用程度。從具體措施上,應逐步扭轉主要依靠調水工程改善太湖水體水質的不利局面,切實加強太湖流域反退化管理工作。
此外,值得注意的是,近10年來,太湖流域供需兩側水資源反退化能力在綜合發展指數和發展演變速度方面,供給側總體均劣于需求側。流域需水管理能力的提升為需求側水資源反退化能力的提升帶來了促進作用,但并沒有惠及供給側水資源反退化能力建設,供給側反退化能力一直處于相對較低水平和波動狀態。從系統整體性、穩定性以及供需均衡角度來說,這是不利于流域水資源反退化能力發展的。因此,太湖流域相關部門應合理權衡流域供需兩側水資源反退化能力建設的投入力度,嚴格堅守“三條紅線”制度,強化水資源供需管理,并充分發揮需求側對供給側水資源反退化能力建設的正向協調作用,最終實現流域總體水資源反退化能力的提升。
(編輯: 常勇 )
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Research on Water Antidegradation Capacity in Taihu Lake Basin Based on
Water Supply and Demand Management
ZHOU Shenbei1,2DU Amin1
(1.Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing Jiangsu 211100, China;
2.School of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China)
AbstractIn recent years, the degradation problems of Chinas water resources system have become more serious. Given the current concerns with water resources system degradation, such as water quality deterioration, water ecology system degradation, and water pollution emergency normalization water resources antidegradation capacity of river basin has been paid more attention. Taihu Lake basin is one of the modernization construction demonstration areas, and the water resources antidegradation capacity is a basis of the district modernization constructions. In order to enhance the water resources antidegradation capacity of Taihu Lake Basin, we set up a water resources antidegradation capacity evaluation model from the perspective of water demand and supply management, and use the full permutation polygon synthesis illustration method (FPPSI) to analyze the comprehensive development index, evolution speed and its changing reasons of water resources antidegradation capacity from 2001 to 2012. Two dimensional matrix is used to estimate the water resources antidegradation capacity comprehensively. The results show that comprehensive development index of the water resources antidegradation capacity is overall on the increase from the water demand and supply aspect in Taihu Lake Basin. Since 2006, the water resources antidegradation capacity in the water demand side has been higher than it is in the supply side, which indicates the positive coordination efficiency between the two sides is not significant. The evolution speed of the basin antidegradation capacity development varies with great fluctuation. The antidegradation capacity of water demand side descends in some years for the factors such as the socioeconomic development, waterusage efficiency and pollution treatment. The antidegradation capacity of water supply side descends because of ecology system degradation. Based on the conclusions mentioned above, the strategies and suggestions for enhancing water resources antidegradation capacity of Taihu Lake Basin are put forward from the perspective of the water demand and supply management.
Key wordswater antidegradation capacity; water supply and demand management; full permutation polygon synthesis illustration method; Taihu Lake Basin
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[8]李鋒,劉旭升,胡聃,等.城市可持續發展評價方法及其應用[J].生態學報,2007,(11):4793-4802. [Li Feng, Liu Xusheng, Hu Dan, et al. Evaluation Method and Its Application for Urban Sustainable Development [J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,(11):4793-4802.]
[9]龔艷冰,張繼國,梁雪春.基于全排列多邊形綜合圖示法的水質評價[J].中國人口·資源與環境,2011,21(9):26-31. [Gong Yanbing, Zhang Jiguo, Liang Xuechun.Water Quality Assessment of East Route Based on Entirearraypolygon Evaluation Method [J]. China Population,Resources and Environment,2011,21(9):26-31.]
[10]邱宇.汀江流域水環境安全評估[J].環境科學研究,2013,26(2):152-159. [Qiu yu.The Evaluation of the Tingjiang River Basin Water Environment Safety [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2013, 26(2): 152-159.]
[11]Jiasheng Jin, Rusong Wang, Feng Li, et al. Conjugate Ecological Restoration Approach with a Case Study in Mentougou District, Beijing[J]. Environ Monit Assess, Ecological Complexity, 2011, (8):161-170.
[12]凌峰.最嚴格水資源管:經濟社會可持續發展的必然選擇.[EB/OL]. 2012-05-04[2014-06-06] http://www.chinawater.com.cn/ztgz/hy/2012szyhy/6/201205/t20120504_220004.html. [Ling Feng. Most Stringent Water Management: Sustainable Economic and Social Development of the Inevitable Choice. [EB/OL]. 2012-05-04[2014-06-06] http://www.chinawater.com.cn/ztgz/hy/2012szyhy/6/201205/t20120504_220004.html.]
[13]袁偉,樓章華,田娟.富陽市水資源承載能力綜合評價[J].水利學報,2008,39(1):103-108. [Yuan Wei, Lou Zhanghua, Tian Juan. Comprehensive Evaluation of Water Resources Carrying Capacity in Fuyang City[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2008, 39(1): 103-108.]
[14]邵磊,周孝德,楊方廷,等.基于主成分分析和熵權法的水資源承載能力及其演變趨勢評價方法[J].西安理工大學學報,2010,26(2):170-176. [Shao Lei, Zhou Xiaode, Yang Fangting, et al. Research on Water Resources Carrying Capacity and Evaluation Method of Evolution Tendency Based on Principal Components Analysis and Entropy Weight Method [J]. Journal of Xian University of Technology, 2010, 26(2): 170-176.]
Research on Water Antidegradation Capacity in Taihu Lake Basin Based on
Water Supply and Demand Management
ZHOU Shenbei1,2DU Amin1
(1.Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing Jiangsu 211100, China;
2.School of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China)
AbstractIn recent years, the degradation problems of Chinas water resources system have become more serious. Given the current concerns with water resources system degradation, such as water quality deterioration, water ecology system degradation, and water pollution emergency normalization water resources antidegradation capacity of river basin has been paid more attention. Taihu Lake basin is one of the modernization construction demonstration areas, and the water resources antidegradation capacity is a basis of the district modernization constructions. In order to enhance the water resources antidegradation capacity of Taihu Lake Basin, we set up a water resources antidegradation capacity evaluation model from the perspective of water demand and supply management, and use the full permutation polygon synthesis illustration method (FPPSI) to analyze the comprehensive development index, evolution speed and its changing reasons of water resources antidegradation capacity from 2001 to 2012. Two dimensional matrix is used to estimate the water resources antidegradation capacity comprehensively. The results show that comprehensive development index of the water resources antidegradation capacity is overall on the increase from the water demand and supply aspect in Taihu Lake Basin. Since 2006, the water resources antidegradation capacity in the water demand side has been higher than it is in the supply side, which indicates the positive coordination efficiency between the two sides is not significant. The evolution speed of the basin antidegradation capacity development varies with great fluctuation. The antidegradation capacity of water demand side descends in some years for the factors such as the socioeconomic development, waterusage efficiency and pollution treatment. The antidegradation capacity of water supply side descends because of ecology system degradation. Based on the conclusions mentioned above, the strategies and suggestions for enhancing water resources antidegradation capacity of Taihu Lake Basin are put forward from the perspective of the water demand and supply management.
Key wordswater antidegradation capacity; water supply and demand management; full permutation polygon synthesis illustration method; Taihu Lake Basin
[7]魏婷,吳長年.一種工業園區生態系統健康評價方法及其應用[J].長江流域資源與環境,2007,16(5):680-684. [Wei Ting, Wu Changnian. An Ecosystem Health Assessment Method With Its Application in Industrial Parks [J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2007, 16(5): 680-684.]
[8]李鋒,劉旭升,胡聃,等.城市可持續發展評價方法及其應用[J].生態學報,2007,(11):4793-4802. [Li Feng, Liu Xusheng, Hu Dan, et al. Evaluation Method and Its Application for Urban Sustainable Development [J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,(11):4793-4802.]
[9]龔艷冰,張繼國,梁雪春.基于全排列多邊形綜合圖示法的水質評價[J].中國人口·資源與環境,2011,21(9):26-31. [Gong Yanbing, Zhang Jiguo, Liang Xuechun.Water Quality Assessment of East Route Based on Entirearraypolygon Evaluation Method [J]. China Population,Resources and Environment,2011,21(9):26-31.]
[10]邱宇.汀江流域水環境安全評估[J].環境科學研究,2013,26(2):152-159. [Qiu yu.The Evaluation of the Tingjiang River Basin Water Environment Safety [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2013, 26(2): 152-159.]
[11]Jiasheng Jin, Rusong Wang, Feng Li, et al. Conjugate Ecological Restoration Approach with a Case Study in Mentougou District, Beijing[J]. Environ Monit Assess, Ecological Complexity, 2011, (8):161-170.
[12]凌峰.最嚴格水資源管:經濟社會可持續發展的必然選擇.[EB/OL]. 2012-05-04[2014-06-06] http://www.chinawater.com.cn/ztgz/hy/2012szyhy/6/201205/t20120504_220004.html. [Ling Feng. Most Stringent Water Management: Sustainable Economic and Social Development of the Inevitable Choice. [EB/OL]. 2012-05-04[2014-06-06] http://www.chinawater.com.cn/ztgz/hy/2012szyhy/6/201205/t20120504_220004.html.]
[13]袁偉,樓章華,田娟.富陽市水資源承載能力綜合評價[J].水利學報,2008,39(1):103-108. [Yuan Wei, Lou Zhanghua, Tian Juan. Comprehensive Evaluation of Water Resources Carrying Capacity in Fuyang City[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2008, 39(1): 103-108.]
[14]邵磊,周孝德,楊方廷,等.基于主成分分析和熵權法的水資源承載能力及其演變趨勢評價方法[J].西安理工大學學報,2010,26(2):170-176. [Shao Lei, Zhou Xiaode, Yang Fangting, et al. Research on Water Resources Carrying Capacity and Evaluation Method of Evolution Tendency Based on Principal Components Analysis and Entropy Weight Method [J]. Journal of Xian University of Technology, 2010, 26(2): 170-176.]
Research on Water Antidegradation Capacity in Taihu Lake Basin Based on
Water Supply and Demand Management
ZHOU Shenbei1,2DU Amin1
(1.Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing Jiangsu 211100, China;
2.School of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China)
AbstractIn recent years, the degradation problems of Chinas water resources system have become more serious. Given the current concerns with water resources system degradation, such as water quality deterioration, water ecology system degradation, and water pollution emergency normalization water resources antidegradation capacity of river basin has been paid more attention. Taihu Lake basin is one of the modernization construction demonstration areas, and the water resources antidegradation capacity is a basis of the district modernization constructions. In order to enhance the water resources antidegradation capacity of Taihu Lake Basin, we set up a water resources antidegradation capacity evaluation model from the perspective of water demand and supply management, and use the full permutation polygon synthesis illustration method (FPPSI) to analyze the comprehensive development index, evolution speed and its changing reasons of water resources antidegradation capacity from 2001 to 2012. Two dimensional matrix is used to estimate the water resources antidegradation capacity comprehensively. The results show that comprehensive development index of the water resources antidegradation capacity is overall on the increase from the water demand and supply aspect in Taihu Lake Basin. Since 2006, the water resources antidegradation capacity in the water demand side has been higher than it is in the supply side, which indicates the positive coordination efficiency between the two sides is not significant. The evolution speed of the basin antidegradation capacity development varies with great fluctuation. The antidegradation capacity of water demand side descends in some years for the factors such as the socioeconomic development, waterusage efficiency and pollution treatment. The antidegradation capacity of water supply side descends because of ecology system degradation. Based on the conclusions mentioned above, the strategies and suggestions for enhancing water resources antidegradation capacity of Taihu Lake Basin are put forward from the perspective of the water demand and supply management.
Key wordswater antidegradation capacity; water supply and demand management; full permutation polygon synthesis illustration method; Taihu Lake Basin