王玲
摘 要:從句是指從屬于主句的句子,由從屬連詞連接。由主句和從句構(gòu)成的復(fù)合句,是英語(yǔ)中比較復(fù)雜的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。從句的種類有很多,但根據(jù)其性質(zhì)和作用可以分為:名詞性從句,形容詞性從句(即定語(yǔ)從句),副詞性從句(即狀語(yǔ)從句)三大類。從句構(gòu)成與用法的考查要點(diǎn)很多,歷來(lái)是專業(yè)四級(jí)英語(yǔ)考試試題的熱點(diǎn)與焦點(diǎn),專業(yè)四級(jí)英語(yǔ)考試幾乎每年都涉及到對(duì)名詞性從句、形容詞性從句的考查,常將并列連接詞、從屬連詞、關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞放在同一題干中進(jìn)行考查,故意設(shè)置干擾項(xiàng),增加試題難度,以考查考生分析交際語(yǔ)境、理解句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系的能力。
關(guān)鍵詞:從句;關(guān)系代詞;先行詞
一、名詞性從句
名詞性從句側(cè)重考查考生在一定的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境下對(duì)英語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序、從句連接詞的運(yùn)用以及主從句時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)等知識(shí)點(diǎn)的掌握。
名詞性從句:即從句在整個(gè)句中起名詞作用,分別可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)等,所以這類從句包括主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。
考點(diǎn)一:主語(yǔ)從句:主要考查主語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞;主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,一般用單數(shù)。
It is well-known that the earth moves around the sun. 眾所周知,地球圍繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。
When the sports meet will be held is not decided. 何時(shí)舉行運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)還沒有決定。
考點(diǎn)二:賓語(yǔ)從句:主要考查賓語(yǔ)從句if與whether的用法區(qū)別:
1.whether和if常與or not連用,whether和or not 既可合起來(lái)使用,也可分開使用;if和or not只能分開使用。如:
He asked whether (if) they would come or not.
I don't know whether or not they will come.
2.whether 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句一般是肯定句,if 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句可以是肯定也可以否定的。如:
She asked whether/if you had enough money.
I don't care if it doesn't rain.(只能用if)
考點(diǎn)三:表語(yǔ)從句:be動(dòng)詞或者系動(dòng)詞后面跟主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
The question is whether the book is worth reading at all. That is why we don't like it.
考點(diǎn)四:同位語(yǔ)從句。
同位語(yǔ)從句的特點(diǎn)是由一個(gè)抽象名詞+that從句構(gòu)成,引導(dǎo)詞一般是that, 而且that在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分。這些抽象名詞有:news, idea, fact, doubt, evidence, promise, rumor, hope, truth, belief, message等,同位語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)抽象名詞進(jìn)行說(shuō)明解釋。 如:
We heard the news that he had won the game. 試比較:
We heard the news that he had told her. (定語(yǔ)從句)
例2中的that從句的作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞,其作用是修飾the news;例1中的that從句的作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞,是對(duì)the news的進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明。
有時(shí)如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞較短,為保持句子平衡,避免頭重腳輕,同位語(yǔ)從句也常與要說(shuō)明的名詞分開。例如:Word came that he died yesterday. 消息傳來(lái)說(shuō)他昨天死了。
二、形容詞性從句
定語(yǔ)從句主要用來(lái)修飾它前面的先行詞(名詞或代詞)的從句,所以又稱形容詞從句。根據(jù)與先行詞的關(guān)系,定語(yǔ)從句可分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句主要考查引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞;介詞+引導(dǎo)詞以及非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。對(duì)于定語(yǔ)從句,在歷年專業(yè)四級(jí)英語(yǔ)試題中,相對(duì)集中地考查了非限制性定語(yǔ)從句、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選用、定語(yǔ)從句中的一致關(guān)系以及"介詞+關(guān)系代詞"等知識(shí)。
考點(diǎn)一:引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞有關(guān)系代詞(who, whom, which, that, whose)和關(guān)系副詞(as, when, where, why)等。但是當(dāng)下列情況出現(xiàn)時(shí),對(duì)引導(dǎo)詞有特殊要求。
1. 當(dāng)先行詞是all, everything, nothing, something, little, much時(shí);當(dāng)先行詞被all, no, some, any, every, a few, a little, much, only, very修飾時(shí);當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí),或者先行詞既有人又有物時(shí),定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞用that。例如:
Everything (that) he said seemed quite reasonable.
The first thing (that) I saw will never be forgotten.
2.why引導(dǎo)表示原因的定語(yǔ)從句,其先行詞一般是reason。當(dāng)主句主語(yǔ)是reason時(shí),作主句表語(yǔ)的成分不能有because和because of 。其結(jié)構(gòu)一般為the reason why…is that…,或者 the reason that … is that…,如:
He did not tell us the reason why he was late again.
The reason why (that)he didn't come is that he was ill.
考點(diǎn)二:考查“介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的用法。當(dāng)先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),往往可以把介詞放在關(guān)系代詞之前,構(gòu)成"介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞(whom / which)"結(jié)構(gòu)。但一些短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(如look after等)中的介詞不能與動(dòng)詞分開,故不能放在關(guān)系代詞之前。 American women usually look upon their best friend as someone with whom they can talk frequently.
關(guān)系代詞whom在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞with的賓語(yǔ),talk with sb.意為"與某人。另外,我們還要注意"部分 + of 介詞+ 關(guān)系代詞(整體名詞)"結(jié)構(gòu),該結(jié)構(gòu),做關(guān)系詞就是"部分名詞 + of which/whom"的結(jié)構(gòu),往往可以翻譯成“其中”。
He invited many scientists to his birthday party, two of whom were his old mates.
考點(diǎn)三:當(dāng)先行詞為表示時(shí)間的名詞(如: day, year, week, month, occasion)或地點(diǎn)的名詞(如:place, room, city, country)時(shí),一般用關(guān)系副when和 where. 分別相當(dāng)于in which, at which, on which。但是當(dāng)這些表示時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)的名詞作從句的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),則要用關(guān)系代詞that 或which.
I can't forget the days when (in which) I studied with you.
Ill never forget the village where (in which) I spent my childhood(童年).
考點(diǎn)四:非限定性定語(yǔ)從句不能用that引導(dǎo), 一般用引導(dǎo)詞which / as或who(指人),非限定性定語(yǔ)從句既可以修飾主句的部分內(nèi)容,也可修飾主句的全部?jī)?nèi)容。as引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句既可以放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之中或之后,但which或who引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句不能放在主句句首。(考查重點(diǎn)) The large area is covered with thick snow, which has been reported on TV. 大片區(qū)域?yàn)榉e雪所覆蓋,這已在電視里報(bào)道了。
His speech, which was very boring, was over at last. Her sister, who lived in another city, was coming to visit her.
名詞性從句和形容性從句一直是英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試的重要考點(diǎn),希望以上的一些分析對(duì)考生有所幫助。