新中國成立初期農(nóng)貸績效分析（1950—1957）

孫建國

關(guān)鍵詞： 新中國成立初期；農(nóng)村貸款；借據(jù)票據(jù)；績效分析

摘 要： 新中國成立初期，在國家惠農(nóng)政策支持下，中國人民銀行及農(nóng)村信用社等機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)放的農(nóng)村貸款是解決農(nóng)民生產(chǎn)生活困難的重要措施之一。農(nóng)貸發(fā)放以恢復(fù)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)和改善農(nóng)民生活為主要目的，形式靈活多樣，覆蓋范圍較大，利率較低，顯示出濃厚的政策性特點(diǎn)。通過對河南省農(nóng)貸調(diào)查樣本數(shù)據(jù)的分析，發(fā)現(xiàn)新中國成立初期河南農(nóng)貸成效顯著，在持續(xù)性和覆蓋面等指標(biāo)方面表現(xiàn)突出，對抑制高利貸、緩解農(nóng)村資金短缺、促進(jìn)農(nóng)村生產(chǎn)、改善農(nóng)民活動等具有積極意義。

中圖分類號： F327

文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼： A

文章編號： 1001 2435（2017）06 0705 07

Abstract：

During the early period of New China， under the policies to benefit agriculture， the rural credit which was issued by Peoples Bank of China， Rural Credit Cooperative and other financial institutions， was one of the important measures to solve the difficulties in the production and life in rural areas.The main purpose of issuing the rural credit was to resume agricultural production and improve farmerslives. The form of issuing the credit was very flexible and in large coverage. The rate of the rural credit was low and showed the strong policy characteristic. According to the performance analysis of the collected data from Henan rural credit survey，find that the effects of Henan rural credit were remarkable in the early days of New China. It had been prominent in some indicators such as sustainablity and coverage. The rural credit has a positive significance on restraining usury， alleviating the shortage of rural funds， promoting rural production and improving farmersactivities.

新中國成立之后，政府推出了一系列有效的惠農(nóng)政策來改善農(nóng)民境遇，恢復(fù)和推動農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)，發(fā)放農(nóng)貸就是其中主要措施之一。研究新中國成立初期農(nóng)貸，特別是分析和探索當(dāng)時的農(nóng)貸政策、農(nóng)貸活動規(guī)律和績效，對研究和制定當(dāng)前的農(nóng)村金融政策有重要的借鑒意義。本文利用檔案資料，從國家和河南省兩個層面對新中國成立初期農(nóng)貸發(fā)展?fàn)顩r進(jìn)行分析，并進(jìn)一步利用農(nóng)貸調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)，采用Yaron（1999）農(nóng)貸績效評價方法，從農(nóng)貸持續(xù)性和覆蓋面兩個方面進(jìn)行績效分析。

一、學(xué)術(shù)回顧與研究源起

農(nóng)貸是建國初期新生政權(quán)恢復(fù)和振興農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)的主要措施之一，是新中國農(nóng)村金融工作的業(yè)務(wù)重點(diǎn)。當(dāng)時的涉農(nóng)貸款類型多，總體上說主要包括農(nóng)戶貸款、集體農(nóng)業(yè)貸款、國營農(nóng)業(yè)貸款、貧農(nóng)合作基金貸款等?！?br>