城市基層治理中居民自治與社區共治的類型化分析

易臻真+文軍

關鍵詞： 城市社區；居民自治；社區共治；基層治理

摘 要： 基層治理是城市社會治理最具體也是最關鍵的環節之一。當前，我國城市基層治理大體上可以劃分為“居民自治”和“社區共治”兩個不同層面。根據這兩個不同層面的治理特征，運用類型化分析方法，可將城市基層治理分為無自治無共治型、有自治無共治型、無自治有共治型和有自治有共治型四種類型。這四種類型并無好壞之分，其發展也不是單向性的，因為居民自治與社區共治之間互為前提和保障，同時又相互制約。

中圖分類號： C916

文獻標志碼： A

文章編號： 1001 2435（2017）06 0741 09

Key words： urban community；residents' selfgovernance；community shared governance；grassroots governance

Abstract：

Nowadays， the community governance is playing a more and more important role in cities of China. Starting from the analysis of the concept of the residents' selfgovernance and community shared governance， this paper makes four classifications concerning the community governance： neither residents' selfgovernance nor community shared governance （Type Ⅰ）， residents' selfgovernance without community shared governance （Type Ⅱ）， community shared governance without residents' selfgovernance （Type Ⅲ） and residents' selfgovernance with community shared governance （Type Ⅳ）. They have their own characteristics， their advantages and disadvantages. There is no best， only the most suitable. The local government should choose the model according to local conditions. Through this pursuit of a balanced development process， the dynamic capacity of community forms and improve， thereby promoting the urban community selfrenewal. It emerged that the residents' selfgovernance and community shared governance complement each other， and also mutual restraint. Finally， the construction of the urban community governance system will promote the theory and policy research work. During this process， it may be more effective if we pay more attention to the high development of information technology.

城市是中國現代化建設的中心，而社區則是構成城市建設的基本單位。因此，關于城市多元治理體系的探討，我們必須深刻認識到城市治理的源頭和支點均在社區。伴隨著我國20世紀90年代以來的住房制度改革等一系列社會經濟變革，城市社區的利益關系、權利沖突和治理格局也發生著深刻的變化。黨的十八屆三中全會通過了《中共中央關于全面深化改革若干重大問題的決定》，明確把“推進國家治理體系和治理能力現代化”作為全面深化改革的總目標。據此，在實現公共利益、集體利益與個人利益均衡發展的道路上，厘清多元治理體系中“居民自治”與“社區共治”的關系類型及其發展邏輯，將有助于城市社區基層治理工作的創新和完善，進而為完善我國社區治理體系夯實基礎。

一、 問題的提出：城市社區治理中的自治與共治