柿漆染色特征與工藝實踐

楊建軍 崔巖

摘要： 柿漆取自澀柿青果，具有防水、增韌功能，自古作為漁網、建筑木材及竹木制品、紙制品的涂料使用。中國早在唐代就已經用柿漆染制紡織品，因其所含柿單寧物質遇氧縮合成難溶性高分子化合物，通過親水性、黏著力和氧化作用等完成染著顯色，在染色技術上表現出獨特性。通過對柿漆染色特征的研究，分析其在顯色調性、色彩牢度和色彩美感韻味等方面顯現出的強大優勢;根據文獻資料記載和染色實踐，探究柿漆傳統制作技術與染色方法。研究認為，在當今倡導可持續發展和文化復興戰略中，古老的柿漆染色工藝仍然擁有巨大潛力和廣泛發展空間。

關鍵詞： 柿漆;柿單寧;染色特征;媒染劑;染色工藝;可持續發展

中圖分類號： TS193.62 ? 文獻標志碼： A ? 文章編號： 1001-7003（2019）06-0026-06 ? 引用頁碼： 061105

Abstract： Persimmon juice is from green fruit， with waterproof and toughening functions. It has been used as a coating for fishing nets， building timber， bamboo and wood products， and paper products since ancient times. As early as the Tang dynasty， persimmon juice was used to dye textiles in China. Because persimmon tannin was condensed into insoluble polymer compounds when encountering oxygen， and then dyeing was completed through hydrophilicity， adhesion and oxidation， which showed unique characteristics in staining technique. By studying the dyeing characteristics of persimmon juice， the strong advantages of persimmon juice in tone， color fastness and color aesthetic charm were analyzed. Based on the literature review and dyeing practice， the persimmon juice production technology and traditional dyeing methods were explored. It was found that the ancient technology of persimmon juice still has great potential and wide development space in the strategy of sustainable development and revitalization of traditional culture.

Key words： persimmon juice; persimmon tannin; dyeing characteristics; mordant; dyeing technology; sustainable development

柿漆之所以稱為“漆”，是因它具有防水、防腐等生漆特征，但生漆是以漆酚為主要成分的樹液，而柿漆是柿子果汁，所以不會像生漆那樣容易引起皮膚過敏。柿子分為甜柿和澀柿兩大類，成熟果實中可溶性單寧含量超過0.5%的為澀柿，低于0.5%的為甜柿[1]。柿漆取自澀柿，夏季摘取澀柿青果（圖1）捶搗至碎用水浸泡，或者直接壓榨取汁發酵而成，又名柿油、柿膠、柿汁、柿水等。由于柿漆主要成分是單寧和發揮性有機酸，使其拒水、增韌功能強大，自古就作為建筑木材、竹木器具及漁網、紙制品等涂料使用，柿漆紙扇、紙傘和紙燈籠等傳統工藝也延續至今[2]。除此，柿漆還可以染著麻、棉、絲、毛等天然紡織纖維，對一些化學纖維也有不同程度的染著力。……