洪曉冰
【摘要】詞匯的學習,需要兼顧語言形式和意義,是一個動態的、循環的、逐步增長的過程。作者以人教版高中英語必修三第五單元的詞匯第二課時為例,使用“詞—句—篇”的教學模式,通過詞匯的意思、詞匯在句子的練習和將詞匯融入于全篇文章中加以理解,讓學生從多方面理解詞匯,讓學生輕松學習詞匯,輕松學習英語。
【關鍵詞】英語詞匯教學;教學模式;任務型教學
詞匯是構成語言最基本的單位,是一切語言活動的基礎。詞匯教學主要是使學生掌握詞義、詞的搭配和用法,要真正掌握詞義和詞的用法,必須通過有情境的課文教學,并結合聽書讀寫的語言實踐才能達到。因此,有效的詞匯教學是提高學生聽說讀寫等基本技能的前提。詞匯教學在整個語言教學過程中具有舉足輕重的作用。因此,筆者根據長期教學實踐研究的心得,側重談談“詞—句—篇”的詞匯教學模式在詞匯教學中的應用與成就。
目前高中英語詞匯教學的現狀:許多教師是照搬詞典詞條,孤立地對詞匯進行分析、講解和操練,教學環節支離破碎,轉換生硬,缺乏整體性、層次性和連貫性,降低了學生在辨認和加工詞匯過程中的知識內化程度。同時,學生往往脫離語境理解詞匯及其用法,抓不住主線,體驗不到語言學習的樂趣(陳則航,王薔, 2010)。
有理論認為:學習者早期詞匯習得是一個在現實的語言環境中不斷接觸目標詞而形成的多層級、不斷發展的學習過程。由此可見,掌握一個單詞,不僅要知道它的發音、拼寫和意義,還要掌握它的句法和搭配。而且,一個詞的習得并不是瞬間完成的,而是一個動態的、循環的、逐步增長的過程。詞匯教學要兼顧語言形式和意義,既不能過于關注語言形式、脫離功能和意義機械地進行語言練習,抹殺學生的學習興趣和信心,也不能將重心完全放在意義層面,而忽視了語言形式,從而失去表達意義的基礎。
據此,為了在教學實踐中更為有效地解決詞匯教學的老大難問題,筆者嘗試采用“詞—句—篇”的詞匯教學模式進行目標詞匯的教學。該模式能使學生通過接觸、理解、操練、運用語言等環節,逐步實現語言的內化和整合,學會用準確的語言形式表達得體的意義。
筆者現就人教版高中英語必修3 Unit 5的詞匯第二課時的教學為例進行具體闡釋。本節課是學生在完成詞匯的讀音、拼寫和基本語義后,進一步關注詞匯的深度和使用,即了解如何使用這個詞匯。
一、教學設計分析
本節課是詞匯教學,因此筆者牢牢把握“該如何教和怎么教”這一詞匯教學的核心問題?;诤诵脑~匯觀教學理念的“詞—句—篇”的詞匯教學模式,能夠引導學生運用各種方法學習單詞,把“苦學單詞”變為“樂學單詞”。
本節課的難點是掌握英語必修3 Unit 5這個單元的六個核心詞(rather than; surround; measure; aboard; confirm; impress),同時也是本節課的重點內容。
本節課的教學過程的設計是通過Present the six key words→Explain the usage of the six key words→Use them in a passage and writing這三大大步驟來完成本節課的教學任務。
二、教材內容分析
本單元為人教版《英語【必修3】的 Unit 5 Canada— “The True North”》詞匯學習,按考綱要求要掌握的詞匯共有41個單詞和7個重點短語。本節課只進行六個核心詞匯(rather than; surround; measure; aboard; confirm; impress)的學習。
三、教學目標
通過本節課的學習,學生能夠掌握這六個核心詞(rather than; surround; measure; aboard; confirm; impress)的廣度和深度,在情景任務中正確熟練地運用所學的重點詞匯, 使學生在詞匯學習中達到學會、會學、會用的境界。
四、教學過程
Step 1 Lead in
Show the school pictures for the students to discuss and talk about them ,using the six key words (rather than; surround; measure; aboard; confirm; impress)and writing them on the blackboard.
Step 2 Presentation
Task 1 Match the words with their meanings.
1. to give support or certainty to a fact, a belief, statement, etc.
2. to influence deeply, esp. with a feeling of admiration
3. on a ship, plane, bus or train
4. to be all around somebody or something on every side
5.determine the measurements of something or somebody, take measurements of
6.instead of
A impress B rather than C. confirm D surround E measure F aboard
設計意圖:讓學生根據英語釋義來找出相應的單詞,訓練學生的猜測詞義及用英文思維和表達的能力。此項任務旨在深化目標詞匯的概念和意義,同時喚醒學生對本節課所學目標詞匯的注意,并為后續教學任務搭建腳手架。
Step3 Language points explanation
1.rather than 【觀察】 仔細閱讀下列句子,并試著總結rather than的含義及用法。
① John is an explorer rather than a sailor.
② We will have the class meeting on the playground rather than in the classroom.
③ We should help him rather than he should help us.
④ I decided to write rather than (to) telephone.
⑤ I would like to stay at home rather than go to the park today.
⑥ I prefer to go out rather than stay in the classroom.
2.surround? 【觀察】 閱讀下列各句,并觀察surround在句中的用法。
① The house was surrounded by / with trees.
② He likes to surround himself with amusing people.
③ _____________by the mountains,? the palace is very beautiful. Lily is satisfied with the______________scenery and will soon adapt herself to the new______________.
3. measure 【觀察】 仔細閱讀下列句子,并試著總結measure的含義及用法。
① Success isnt measured by how much money you have.
② We measured the fish and it was half a meter long.
③ The classroom measures about 10 meters by 8 meters.
④ A meter is a measure of length, and a minute is a measure of time.
⑤ The government must take measures to protect birds.
⑥ My mother made a dress to my measure.
4.? aboard? board? border? broad? abroad
① Welcome _______! Please take your seat and fasten your safety belt as soon as possible.
② He rented out his house while he worked _______.
③ Please ______the train immediately.
④ The girl entered the room with a ______ smile.
⑤ The terrorists escaped across the ______.
5.? confirm? confirmed? confirmation
① I'm still waiting for ___________ of the test results.
② Earlier reports were unable to________ that there were any survivors.
③ He was a _________ optimist and believed that everything would be all right.
6.? impress? impression? impressive
① His collection of paintings is most _________.
② His first speech as president made a strong _________ on his audience.
③ The sights of the city never fail to _______ foreign tourists.
④ I was deeply __________by the scenery here.
設計意圖:讓學生集中學習本單元的重點詞匯,通過在特定的語言環境中掌握詞的意義和搭配,同時通過豐富的情景幫助學生輕松掌握詞匯的用法。 提供詞匯的語境,是詞匯教學的重要組成部分,因為一個詞的詞性、意義、搭配、用法和語義只有在語境中才能體現出來。
教師對目標詞匯進行適當的講解和拓展后,學生在新的語境中操練詞匯以鞏固并內化,提高詞匯知識運用的自動化程度,為此后的語言輸出做好鋪墊。
Task 2 Error correction:
1. He was an expert at finding his way, even in strange surrounding.
2. The government is urged to take measure to against aging problem.
3. I would rather walk than to cycle to school.
4. The book left a deep impress on him.
5. The new discovery confirmed by further experiments.
6. All passengers border fell into the river.
設計意圖:通過此題的練習,增強學生的有意注意,引導學生觀察、發現某個詞在不同語境中的意義、搭配,從而建立詞義、搭配、語境之間的關系,有助于學生對該詞的長時記憶,以及對該詞的激活和提取。
Task 3 Fill in the blanks
Look at the picture. We are very 1? ? ? ? ? ?(impress) by the beautiful campus, which is 2? ? ? ? ? ?(surround) with many trees and flowers. Our new school 3? ? ? ? ? ? (measure) about 160mu. In the morning we prefer to do morning reading outside the classroom 4? ? ? ? ? ?than in it because of the fresh air.? We often 5? ? ? ? ? ? (settle) down for the night at ten oclock. At night sometimes our girl students feel 6? ? ? ? ? (terrify)going back to the dormitory due to the campus being too large. Anyone 7? ? ? ? ? ?would like to come to our school can go 8? ? ? ? ? ?(aboard) the No.33 or 21 Bus to 9? ? ? ? ? ?(confirm) that our school is 10? ? ? ? ? ?(real) large and beautiful.
設計意圖:以文章段落為載體,把本單元的重點詞匯融入其中,從而幫助學生掌握詞匯及其詞性,即將本單元的重點詞匯融合在學生熟知的(龍巖二中)話語情境中,提升學生使用重點詞匯的能力,學生還可以通過這個文章段落了解龍巖二中。通過這個活動引領學生在語篇中觀察、發現詞匯的意義,歸納詞匯的搭配,再應用詞匯知識去解決實際問題,體現了詞匯學習的工具性,激發了學生學習詞匯的興趣和動力。
Task 3 Writing
Try to use two or more of the six key words to describe some places you ever have been to.
Sample: I have been to Yongfu in Zhangping .The flower sea makes a deep impression on me. So many cherry blossoms surround you. How beautiful they are!
設計意圖:引導學生學會使用本節課的詞匯進行初級的語言表達,為本單元后續的書面表達做好鋪墊。
此環節是在前述活動層層鋪墊的基礎上進行的結構性交際,鼓勵學生在新的語言環境中使用目標詞匯,在語言使用中深化和鞏固語言知識。
Step 4? Summary and homework
1. 教師利用板書簡短地總結本節課所學的主要單詞和詞組。
2. 作業:①完成英語[必修3]的 Unit 5的 P36 Ex1,2&3和 P71頁的Ex 4。
設計意圖:學生在課后的練習題中可以鞏固所學單詞,還可以自主學習另外的新單詞,讓學生在完成練習的過程中體驗新的知識。
②預習英語[必修3] Unit 5 P34reading后完成一篇短文(短文省略)
設計意圖:這個任務再現本節課的內容,不僅可以更好地激發學生自主學習的熱情,在鞏固舊知識的同時,鼓勵學生穿插使用單詞和詞組。學生在練習中將所學的詞匯運用起來,能達到學以致用的效果。
課后作業是課堂教學的延續、深化和補充。與課堂學習任務相關的作業,有利于培養學生的實踐能力、創新意識和創造精神。
五、總結
本節課所使用的目標詞匯教學依托文本主題,設置任務鏈,逐步引入、呈現、發現、鞏固應用目標詞匯,提升了目標詞匯的復現率,從而使學生可以充分地從語境化的語言輸入中注意、加工、記憶和提取詞匯信息,對目標詞匯進行更為精細的加工。
相比于傳統詞匯教學中“教師講(用法),學生記(筆記)”,本節課的“詞—句—篇”的詞匯教學模式能有效強化學生的詞匯學習,并讓學生倍感輕松。這種詞匯教學模式要求老師吃透詞匯的用法,充分了解學生的需要和認知水平,制定合理的詞匯教學目標和編制科學精致的學案。課堂上,教師應采用多種練習形式和課堂活動,幫助學生內化、儲存、提取和運用語言(季紅,2017),從而真正地提高學生的運用語言的能力。
然而,容量有限的教材不能增加同一個詞語被反復接觸到的頻率,加上文本中出現的語境也比較單一,學生只能在教材中接觸到詞匯在有限語境中的用法或只了解詞匯的核心語義(田慧莉,2015)。另外,由于促成詞匯習得的有效因素和詞匯習得過程尚且性質不明(戴曼純,2000),因此,教師在應用“詞—句—篇”的詞匯教學模式時還應注意詞匯習得的過程和習得結果,并不斷調整、優化詞匯教學方法。
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