牟姍 張薇 江德鵬
[摘要] 目的 系統評價奧馬珠單抗治療難治性哮喘的效果。 方法 計算機檢索PubMed、Web of Science、Embase、Cochrane Library、ScienceDirect數據庫,各數據庫檢索時間均從建庫到2017年11月。由2名研究者進行文獻篩選、資料提取及文獻質量評價,采用RevMan 5.3進行Meta分析。 結果 共納入12篇臨床對照試驗。在激素量恒定期和激素量減少期,奧馬珠單抗較對照組可明顯提高哮喘患者生活質量(RR = 1.56,95%CI:1.32~1.85,P < 0.000 01;RR = 1.90,95%CI:1.45~2.49,P < 0.000 01),同時增加研究者對治療效果總體評級為“優”或“良”的人數(RR = 1.36,95%CI:1.25~1.49,P < 0.000 01;RR = 1.48,95%CI:1.36~1.61,P < 0.000 01)。奧馬珠單抗可減少激素量恒定期難治性哮喘急性重度惡化風險(RR = 0.51,95%CI:0.41~0.64,P < 0.000 01)。 結論 在哮喘指南常規治療基礎上加用奧馬珠單抗,可提高哮喘患者生活質量,改善癥狀,減少哮喘重度急性發作風險。
[關鍵詞] 難治性哮喘;奧馬珠單抗;Meta分析;哮喘生活質量問卷調查評分;研究者對治療效果總體評級;急性重度惡化
[中圖分類號] R562 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2019)04(a)-0075-06
Effectiveness of Omalizumab for patients with refractory allergic asthma: a Meta analysis of randomized controlled studies
MOU Shan ZHANG Wei JIANG Depeng
Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400000, China
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of Omalizumab in patients with refractory allergic asthma. Methods The databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, and ScienceDirect were searched by computer, and the retrieval time of each database was from the database establishment to November 2017. Then 2 reviewers screened studies, extracted data, and evaluated the quality of included randomized controlled trials, and Meta-analyses were conducted with RevMan 5.3. Results A total of 12 clinical randomized controlled trials were included. Compared with placebo, Omalizumab treatment was associated with an improved asthma-related quality of life at the end of the stable (RR = 1.56, 95%CI: 1.32-1.85, P < 0.000 01) and steroid dose reduction phases (RR = 1.90, 95%CI: 1.45-2.49, P < 0.000 01). Meanwhile, compared with placebo, Omalizumab therapy showed a significantly increased number of patients with investigator global evaluation of therapy effective rated as excellent or good at the end of both phases (RR = 1.36, 95%CI: 1.25-1.49, P < 0.000 01; RR = 1.48, 95%CI: 1.36-1.61, P < 0.000 01). Besides, Omalizumab reduced the number of patients with severe exacerbations during stable-steroid phase (RR = 0.51, 95%CI: 0.41-0.64, P < 0.000 01). Conclusion The addition of Omalizumab to standard therapy in patients with refractory allergic asthma can improve asthma related quality of life, relieve symptoms and reduce severe asthma exacerbations.
[Key words] Refractory allergic asthma; Omalizumab; Meta analysis; Questionnaire of asthma quality of life in adults; Investigator global evaluation of therapy effectiveness; Severe exacerbations
哮喘為世界上最常見的氣道炎性疾病之一,大多數哮喘患者通過規范化治療可達到臨床控制目標,但仍有接近5%的患者經吸入中到高劑量糖皮質激素(ICS)聯合長效β2受體激動劑(LABA)加減更多的癥狀控制性藥物,仍未達到可控制水平,稱為難治性哮喘。奧馬珠單抗是一種重組人源化IgE單克隆抗體,可阻止循環IgE與高親和力受體FcεRI結合[1]。奧馬珠單抗可減少難治性哮喘患者吸入激素的劑量[2-4]。然而隨著吸入激素劑量減少,奧馬珠單抗對哮喘患者生活質量的影響仍存在爭議,目前尚無Meta分析對此進行報道。此外,Normansel等[5]的Meta分析對ICS量恒定期研究者對治療效果總體評級(investigator global evaluation of therapy effectiveness,IGETE)數據統計分析后出現中度異質性。另國內外尚無Meta分析納入高質量RCT文獻報道奧馬珠單抗治療對急性重度惡化風險的影響,因此本研究結合近年RCT研究將針對奧馬珠單抗治療難治性變應性哮喘生活質量、IGETE及急性重度惡化療效性進行Meta分析。
1 資料與方法
1.1 納入與排除標準
入選標準:①奧馬珠單抗治療中至重度難治性過敏性哮喘的RCT研究;②至少包括1項如下測量指標:急性重度發作、IGETE評級為“優”或“良”的人數、生活質量問卷調查(asthma quality of life questionnaire,AQLQ)。排除標準:①受試者入組前曾使用奧馬珠單抗;②影響血清IgE水平升高的其他活動性肺疾病;③非變應性哮喘。
1.2 文獻檢索
通過對PubMed、Web of Science、Embase、Cochrane Libriary、ScienceDirect數據庫進行檢索,鍵入關鍵詞,檢索詞包括omalizumab、anti-immunoglobulin E、anti-IgE antibody、Xolair和asthma。各數據庫檢索時間均從建庫到2017年11月。
1.3 資料提取
采集納入文章資料包括研究題目、研究持續時間、作者、樣本量、年齡、哮喘嚴重程度、結局指標、干預措施。閱讀全文后,由兩名評價者獨立進行資料提取。若遇分歧,兩名評價者通過探討達成一致。
1.4 統計學方法
利用RevMan 5.3軟件對提取的數據進行定量統計分析。通過I2值檢驗異質性大小(25%~<50%為低;50%~<75%為中;≥75%為高)。當I2 < 50%,采用固定效應模型進行Meta分析,否則應選擇隨機效應模型,并進一步分析異質性的可能原因。使用Cochrane風險偏倚評估工具對納入研究進行質量評價。利用漏斗圖觀察是否存在發表偏倚。
2 結果
2.1 納入研究的基本特點
根據納入排除標準,經逐層篩選后,最終納入12項RCT研究[2,3,6-15],共入選3971例患者,其中治療組2180例,對照組1791例。詳細文獻篩選流程見圖1。大多數研究需經歷兩個連續階段:第一階段為ICS量恒定期(16~24周),奧馬珠單抗輔助用于難治性哮喘患者,同時ICS量保持恒定;第二階段為ICS量減少期(12~28周),在該階段,只有當患者癥狀滿意控制后,才會減少糖皮質激素用量。在本文納入研究中,7項[2-3,7,10-11,13,15]研究包括ICS量恒定期和ICS減量期,5項[6,8-9,12,14]研究ICS量一直保持恒定。納入研究基本資料見表1。
2.2 納入文獻質量評價
利用Cochrane風險偏倚評估工具進行質量評價。整體來說,納入的12篇文獻偏倚風險是低的。其中選擇性偏倚風險未知10篇[1-9,12],選擇性偏倚低風險2篇[10-11]。所有研究執行偏倚、觀察偏倚、失訪偏倚、報道偏倚和其他偏倚風險均為低級別。納入文獻質量評價見圖2。
2.3 Meta分析結果
急性重度惡化人數比例:3項[8-10]納入研究報道了ICS量恒定期哮喘急性重度惡化人數比例,研究間無明顯異質性(P = 0.57,I2 = 0%),統計分析結果顯示奧馬珠單抗較對照組顯著減少哮喘急性重度惡化人數比例(RR = 0.51,95%CI:0.41~0.64,P < 0.000 01),見圖3A。IGETE等級為“優”或“良”的人數:ICS量恒定期及減少期,分別4項[6,8,12,14]及5項[2-3,7,10-11]研究報道了IGETE評級為“優”或“良”的人數比例,其納入研究間均無明顯異質性(P = 0.45,I2 = 0%;P = 0.74,I2 = 0%),固定效應模型分析結果提示:在ICS量恒定期及減少期,奧馬珠單抗較對照組顯著增加IGETE評級為“優”或“良”的人數比例(RR = 1.36,95%CI:1.25~1.49,P < 0.000 01;RR = 1.48,95%CI:1.36~1.61,P < 0.000 01),見圖3B~C。
生活質量:ICS量恒定期及減少期,分別有5項[6-8,13,15]及3項[7,13,15]研究報道了AQLQ≥1.5的人數,其納入研究間均無明顯異質性(P = 0.72,I2 = 0%;P = 0.63,I2 = 0%),固定效應模型分析結果提示:在ICS量恒定期及減少期,奧馬珠單抗組較對照組明顯減少ICS量恒定期哮喘AQLQ≥1.5分人數比例(RR = 1.56,95%CI:1.32~1.85,P < 0.000 01;RR = 1.90,95%CI:1.45~2.49,P < 0.000 01),見圖3D~E。
2.4 發表偏倚
奧馬珠單抗組難治性哮喘患者在ICS量減少期IGETE評級為“優”或“良”人數比例(圖4)和ICS量恒定期AQLQ≥1.5的人數比較的漏斗圖(圖5)左右較為對稱。因此,我們推測,納入研究存在發表偏倚的可能性很小。
3 討論
難治性哮喘發病機制復雜,癥狀難以控制。現已有許多研究及Meta分析報道了奧馬珠單抗治療難治性哮喘具有良好的安全性[16-18]。然而奧馬珠單抗輔助治療難治性哮喘,對于急性重度惡化風險、IGETE等級為“優”或“良”的人數和生活質量等方面的療效尚缺乏足夠的循證醫學證據。近年出現一些關于奧馬珠單抗治療難治性哮喘效果新的報道,為我們探索奧馬珠單抗的療效提供了更多數據支持。
本Meta分析納入研究將哮喘急性重度惡化定義為哮喘急性加重,并且FEV1小于個人最佳值的60%,需要全身使用激素才能控制病情。本研究顯示奧馬珠單抗較對照組可明顯減少哮喘急性重度惡化風險。同樣,近年來許多世界范圍內的研究也證實了這一觀點。一項德國研究觀察發現,與治療前比較,奧馬珠單抗治療1年后,哮喘患者急性重度惡化率減少了82.0%[19]。Menzella等[20]的研究發現奧馬珠單抗治療9年后仍可減少哮喘患者急性重度惡化風險和醫療資源使用,提高患者生活質量。Normansel等[5]的Meta分析將ICS量穩定期IGETE指標合并分析后出現中度異質性,進一步分析原因后,我們發現該研究將納入的SOLAR(即Vignola等[6]2004)這篇文章的過敏性鼻炎IGETE錯誤統計為哮喘IGETE的數據[6]。本Meta分析納入相關研究間無明顯異質性,為奧馬珠單抗能改善哮喘總體療效這一觀點提供了可靠的科學依據。Bousqutet等[21]的一項研究利用IGETE評估奧馬珠單抗效果,該項研究發現絕大多數在16周對奧馬珠單抗治療有反應的患者在32周仍反應良好,符合臨床指南推薦奧馬珠單抗治療至少使用12~16周需評估其有效性,以判斷是否繼續應用[22]。同時提示IGETE或許可作為評價奧馬珠單抗治療效果的可靠工具。另外,本研究首次發現與對照組比較,奧馬珠單抗在ICS量減少期可明顯改善哮喘患者生活質量。同樣在ICS量恒定期亦得出類似結論。
本研究發現奧馬珠單抗治療哮喘總體上是有效的,然而在小部分患者中治療效果不佳。此外,奧馬珠單抗治療療程至少為3~6個月,治療時間越長,花費相應增加。因此,近年來許多研究致力于發現有效標志物用于預測對奧馬珠單抗治療有效的哮喘亞組。據報道顯示在Th2型炎癥標志物升高(特別是血嗜酸性粒細胞[23]、血清骨膜蛋白[24-25]、FeNO[26]和血清總IgE水平[23])和較嚴重的哮喘[既往有哮喘急性加重病史、FEV1prep(%)<65%、曾因哮喘惡化急診就診或住院]的亞組中,奧馬珠單抗可較為顯著地發揮其臨床療效[23]。然而上述指標精確度有限,部分缺乏臨床應用可行性。
本研究中納入的12項研究均為RCT研究,漏斗圖分析提示不存在明顯的發表偏倚。但本研究仍存在以下缺陷:第一,由于納入的各研究在治療時間、哮喘嚴重程度、年齡、哮喘基礎治療等方面存在差異,因而可能對結局指標帶來一定程度的偏倚;第二,所納入研究使用奧馬珠單抗時間為24~52周,因而本研究無法探討奧馬珠治療難治性變應性哮喘長期效果。
綜上所述,奧馬珠單抗輔助治療6~75歲中至重度難治性變應性哮喘患者總體上可顯著減少急性重度發作風險,提高生活質量,緩解癥狀。但奧馬珠單抗價格昂貴,治療療程長,而臨床上仍存在少部分患者對其治療效果反應不佳,因此未來需要更多高質量臨床研究根據哮喘亞組分型探索有利于預測奧馬珠單抗臨床療效的可靠指標。
[參考文獻]
[1] Caruso M,Morjaria J,Emma R,et al. Biologic agents for severe asthma patients:clinical perspectives and implications [J]. Intern Emerg Med,2017,13(2):155-176.
[2] Busse W,Corren J,Lanier BQ,et al. Omalizumab,anti-IgE recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody,for the treatment of severe allergic asthma [J]. J Allergy Clin Immunol,2001,108(2):184-190.
[3] Milgrom H,Berger W,Nayak A,et al. Treatment of Childhood Asthma With Anti-Immunoglobulin E Antibody(Omalizumab)[J]. Pediatrics,2001,108(2):E36.
[4] Lee JH,Lee HY,Jung CG,et al. Therapeutic Effect of Omalizumab in Severe Asthma:A Real-World Study in Korea [J]. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res,2018,10(2):121-130.
[5] Normansel R,Walker S,Milan SJ,et al. Omalizumab for asthma in adults and children(review)[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2014,13(1):CD003559.
[6] Vignola AM,Humbert M,Bousquet J,et al. Efficacy and tolerability of anti-immunoglobulin E therapy with omalizumab in patients with concomitant allergic asthma and persistent allergic rhinitis:SOLAR [J]. Allergy,2004,59(7):709-717.
[7] Finn A,Gross G,Bavel JV,et al. Omalizumab improves asthma-related quality of life in patients with severe allergic asthma [J]. J Allergy Clin Immunol,2003,111(2):278-284.
[8] Humbert M,Beasley R,Ayres J,et al. Benefits of omalizumab as add-on therapy in patients with severe persistent asthma who are inadequately controlled despite best available therapy(GINA 2002 step 4 treatment ):INNOVATE [J]. Allergy,2005,60(3):309-316.
[9] Sthoeger ZM,Eliraz A,Asher I,et al. The Beneficial Effects of Xolair?(Omalizumab)as Add-On Therapy in Patients with Severe Persistent Asthma who are Inadequately Controlled Despite Best Available Treatment(GINA 2002 step Ⅳ)--The Israeli Arm of the INNOVATE Study [J]. Isr Med Assoc J,2007,9(6):472-475.
[10] Lanier B,Bridges T,Kulus M,et al. Omalizumab for the treatment of exacerbations in children with inadequately controlled allergic(IgE-mediated)asthma [J]. J Allergy Clin Immunol,2009,124(6):1210-1216.
[11] Kulus M,Hébert J,Garcia E,et al. Omalizumab in children with inadequately controlled severe allergic(IgE-mediated)asthma [J]. Curr Med Res Opin,2010,26(6):1285-1293.
[12] Jing L,Kang J,Wang CZ,et al. Omalizumab Improves Quality of Life and Asthma Control in Chinese Patients With Moderate to Severe Asthma:A Randomized Phase Ⅲ Study [J]. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res,2016,8(4):319-328.
[13] Holgate ST,Chuchalinw AG,Hebertz J,et al. Efficacy and safety of a recombinant anti-immunoglobulin E antibody(omalizumab)in severe allergic asthma [J]. Clin Exp Allergy,2004,34(4):632-638.
[14] Bardelas J,Figliomeni M,Kianifard,F,et al. A 26-Week,Randomized,Double-Blind,Placebo-Controlled,Multicent er Study to Evaluate the Effect of omalizumab on Asthma Control in Patients with Persistent Allergic Asthma [J]. J Asthma,2012,49(2):144-152.
[15] Lemansake RF,Nayak A,McAlary M,et al. Omalizumab improves asthma-related quality of life in children with allergic asthma [J]. Pediatrics,2002,110(5):e55.
[16] Corren J,Kavati A,Ortiz B,et al. Efficacy and safety of omalizumab in children and adolescents with moderate-to-severe asthma:A systematic literature review [J]. Allergy Asthma Proc,2017,38(4):250-263.
[17] Lai T,Wang S,Xu Z,et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of omalizumab in patients with persistent uncontrolled allergic asthma a systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. Sci Rep,2015,5:8191.
[18] Licari A,Castagnoli R,Denicolò C,et al. Omalizumab in Children with Severe Allergic Asthma The Italian Real Life Experience [J]. Curr Respir Med Rev,2017,13(1):36-42.
[19] Korn S,Thielen A,Seyfried S,et al. Omalizumab in patients with severe persistent allergic asthma in a real-life setting in Germany [J]. Respir Med,2009,103(11):1725-1731.
[20] Menzella F,Galeone C,Formisano D,et al. Real-life Efficacy of Omalizumab After 9 Years of Follow-up [J]. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res,2017,9(4):368-372.
[21] Bousquet J,Siergiejko Z,Swiebocka E,et al. Persistency of response to omalizumab therapy in severe allergic(IgE-mediated)asthma [J]. Allergy,2011,66(5):671-678.
[22] 奧瑪珠單抗治療過敏性哮喘專家組.奧瑪珠單抗治療過敏性哮喘的中國專家共識[J].中華結核和呼吸雜志,2018,41(3):179-185.
[23] Casale TB,Chipps BE,Rosen K,et al. Response to omalizumab using patient enrichment criteria from trials of novel biologics in asthma [J]. Allergy,2018,73(2):490-497.
[24] Caminati M,Gatti D,Dama A,et al. Serum periostin during omalizumab therapy in asthma:A tool for patient selection and treatment evaluation [J]. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol,2017,119(5):460-462.
[25] Tajiri T,Matsumoto H,Gon Y,et al. Utility of serum periostin and free IgE levels in evaluating responsiveness to omalizumab in patients with severe asthma [J]. Allergy,2016,71(10):1472-1479.
[26] Bhutani M,Yang WH,Hebert J,et al. The real world effect of omalizumab add on therapy for patients with moderate to severe allergic asthma The ASTERIX Observational study [J]. PLoS One,2017,12(8):e0183869.
(收稿日期:2018-09-04 本文編輯:張瑜杰)