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長鏈非編碼RNA調控乳腺癌發生發展的研究進展

2019-07-17 04:46:12張天竺寧勇
醫學信息 2019年12期
關鍵詞:長鏈非編碼RNA細胞增殖凋亡

張天竺 寧勇

摘要:乳腺癌是女性最常見的疾病之一,由于本身的復雜性和異質性,使其仍然是公共衛生領域的一大難題。近幾年來隨著技術的發展,長鏈非編碼RNA(lncRNA)受到了廣泛的關注。大量研究表明,長鏈非編碼RNA由于其關鍵的生物調控功能,在腫瘤的發生、發展中發揮著重要作用。盡管長鏈非編碼RNA的具體分子機制尚未完全明確,但最近的研究表明,許多長鏈非編碼RNA在多種腫瘤中表達異常,其中包括乳腺癌。本文主要對長鏈非編碼RNA與乳腺癌的最新研究進行了綜述,并進一步探索長鏈非編碼RNA在影響乳腺癌增殖、凋亡、侵襲、轉移中的分子機制。

關鍵詞:長鏈非編碼RNA;乳腺癌;分子機制;細胞增殖,侵襲;轉移;凋亡

中圖分類號:R737.9 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻標識碼:A ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2019.12.014

文章編號:1006-1959(2019)12-0040-06

Abstract:Breast cancer is one of the most common diseases in women. Due to its complexity and heterogeneity, it is still a major problem in the field of public health. In recent years, with the development of technology, long-chain non-coding RNA (lncRNA) has received extensive attention. A large number of studies have shown that long-chain non-coding RNA plays an important role in the occurrence and development of tumors due to its key biological regulatory functions. Although the specific molecular mechanisms of long-chain non-coding RNA are not fully understood, recent studies have shown that many long-chain non-coding RNAs are abnormally expressed in a variety of tumors, including breast cancer. This article reviews the recent research on long-chain non-coding RNA and breast cancer, and further explores the molecular mechanism of long-chain non-coding RNA in affecting breast cancer proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis.

Key words:Long-chain non-coding RNA;Breast cancer;Molecular mechanism;Cell proliferation; Invasion;Metastasis;Apoptosis

美國癌癥協會發布的數據表明,2018年美國新增癌癥1735350例,癌癥死亡609640例[1]。乳腺癌是全世界范圍內的女性最常見的癌癥,其病死率居于第2位,僅次于肺癌[2]。其發病率有逐年上升的趨勢,對女性的身心健康有嚴重的危害。盡管近20年來,乳腺癌的早期診斷和治療方面取得了較大的進展,但乳腺癌仍然是一個重大的公共衛生問題。隨著下一代測序技術的進步,有研究表明,至少75%的人類基因組被轉錄成RNA,但是只有不到2%的轉錄本被翻譯成蛋白質[3]。這些不編碼蛋白質的RNA稱為非編碼RNA,根據其長度可分為長鏈非編碼RNA和短鏈非編碼RNA。短鏈非編碼RNA長度小于200個核苷酸,包括小干擾RNA、轉移RNA、微小RNA。長鏈非編碼RNA長度大于200個核苷酸,有時可以達到100 kb[4]。在過去的20年,短鏈非編碼RNA,尤其是微小RNA得到了廣泛的關注與研究,許多微小RNA的生物學功能已經闡明[5]。然而,由于長鏈非編碼RNA通常被認為是進化“廢物”和轉錄“噪音”,目前對長鏈非編碼RNA的生物學功能的認識是相當有限的。在這篇文章中,我們將回顧長鏈非編碼RNA在人類癌癥,特別是在乳腺癌中的生物學作用。

1長鏈非編碼RNA的定義和分類

長鏈非編碼RNA是一類長度為200 nt~100 kb,缺少開放閱讀框的內源性RNA分子。基于它們的位點,特性以及與相鄰基因的關系,可將其分為六類:①基因間長鏈非編碼RNA[6];②內含子長鏈非編碼RNA[7];③雙向長鏈非編碼RNA[8-10];④反義長鏈非編碼RNA[11];⑤重疊長鏈非編碼RNA[12];⑥微小RNA宿主長鏈非編碼RNA[13]。

2長鏈非編碼RNA的功能

長鏈非編碼RNA缺乏顯著的開放閱讀框和編碼蛋白質的功能,它以RNA的形式參與表觀遺傳水平、轉錄水平和轉錄后水平的基因表達調控。

2.1轉錄水平 ?①長鏈非編碼RNA可以作為信號分子或誘導物質促進或抑制基因表達[14];②長鏈非編碼RNA可以作為支架分子,通過在特定位點組裝染色質修飾復合物調控基因表達[15];③長鏈非編碼RNA可以作為miRNA的分子海綿(又稱競爭性內源性RNA),逆轉了miRNA對靶基因的抑制[16]。同樣的,長鏈非編碼RNA在惡性乳腺腫瘤中也可能作為miRNA的分子海綿發揮作用。Feng W[17]等研究表明,長鏈非編碼RNA KCNQ1OT1作為miR-145的競爭性內源性RNA,通過調節miR-145的靶基因細胞周期蛋白E2(CCNE2)的表達,促進腫瘤生長。

2.2轉錄后水平 ?長鏈非編碼RNA通過與mRNA形成雙鏈RNA[18],或者通過結合來調控蛋白的穩定性。長鏈非編碼RNA ATB通過結合IL-11 mRNA和刺激信號傳導與活化轉錄因子3(STAT3)信號通路促進結直腸癌惡化。在三陰性乳腺癌中,長鏈非編碼RNA PVT1與鋅指蛋白轉錄因子5(KLF5)蛋白結合并增加其穩定性[19]。此外,長鏈非編碼RNA還是miRNA的前體物質。據報道,長鏈非編碼RNA H19是miR-675的前體[20]。

2.3表觀遺傳學水平 ?①長鏈非編碼RNA通過調控下游基因啟動子區域的DNA甲基化,使其沉默[21];②長鏈非編碼RNA通過與組蛋白修飾因子協同作用改變組蛋白的甲基化、乙酰化或泛素化[22];③長鏈非編碼RNA可以直接與染色質修飾復合物結合,重建染色質或改變其構象,調控靶基因轉錄。值得注意的是,長鏈非編碼RNA發揮作用的分子機制遠比想象的更靈活[23]。

3長鏈非編碼RNA在乳腺癌中的功能

長鏈非編碼RNA在各種腫瘤中都發揮著重要的作用,尤其是在乳腺癌中。許多長鏈非編碼RNA在乳腺癌中異常表達例如:長鏈非編碼RNAMALAT1[24],長鏈非編碼RNADANCR[25],長鏈非編碼RNAPDCD4-AS1[26]等。在乳腺癌中,一部分長鏈非編碼RNA發揮著促癌基因的作用,例如ARNILA[27]、Lnc015192[28]、ITGB2-AS1[29]、NEAT1[30]、AC026904.1[31]這些長鏈非編碼RNA促進了乳腺癌的侵襲轉移,GACAT3[32]、PVT1[19]則對乳腺癌的生長增值具有促進作用,CHET1[33]、TUG1[34]對乳腺癌的生長增殖和侵襲轉移都具有促進作用;另外一部分長鏈非編碼RNA則發揮著抑癌基因的作用,例如ANCR[35]、MEG3[36]、PTENP1[37]、MAGI2-AS3[38]、XIST[39,40]、PDCD4-AS1[26]這些長鏈非編碼RNA抑制了乳腺癌的惡性進程。

3.1長鏈非編碼RNA參與乳腺癌細胞的生長增殖 ?癌細胞的增殖是由多種信號通路誘導的[41]。最近的研究表明,多種長鏈非編碼RNA通過激活或者抑制乳腺癌中特定的信號通路來介導細胞的生長增殖[41,42]。

3.1.1 Akt信號通路 ?Akt信號通路參與抑制細胞凋亡,刺激細胞增殖等多種生物反應[43]。有研究發現,H19是一種致癌基因,其長度為2.3 kb,并由母體等位基因編碼,H19能驅使miR-675下調c-Cb1和Cb1-b蛋白,激活表皮生長因子受體(EGFR)和c-Met的表達,從而激活Akt信號通路,使乳腺癌細胞增殖得到促進[44]。Zhang CY[45]等研究發現,長鏈非編碼RNA MEG3的過表達不僅導致乳腺癌細胞G0/G1期阻滯,還通過下調Akt信號通路抑制乳腺癌小鼠模型的腫瘤生長。此外,Chen S[46]等研究表明,長鏈非編碼RNA PTENP1通過下調絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)和Akt信號通路抑制乳腺癌細胞的增殖。

3.1.2 MAPK信號通路 ?絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)是絲氨酸-蘇氨酸激酶家族的一部分,廣泛參與細胞的增殖、分化、遷移、衰老和凋亡[47]。乳腺癌中,長鏈非編碼RNA CAMTA1通過結合miR-20b,競爭抑制其對MAPK激活劑表皮生長因子受體(VEGF)的抑制作用,從而促進了人乳腺癌細胞的增殖[48]。同時,Wang L[49]等在4種乳腺癌亞型中發現了12~44個長鏈非編碼介導的交叉通路,他們發現長鏈非編碼RNA LIFR-AS1是一種腫瘤抑制因子,通過調控IL1R和TGFBR的表達,進而激活MAPK信號通路,促進乳腺癌細胞增殖。Peng WX[50]等利用CRISPR/Cas9技術敲除MCF-7細胞中的linc-ROR,并發現linc-ROR能促進乳腺癌細胞中雌激素獨立生長并激活MAPK通路。

3.1.3 Wnt信號通路 ?Wnt信號通路是一種高度保守的信號通路,可通過標準或非標準途徑激活。前者在乳腺癌的發生發展中起著至關重要的作用[51,52]。長鏈非編碼RNA能與標準途徑中MYC和β-catenin等關鍵分子相互作用,從而激活Wnt信號通路。有研究表明,長鏈非編碼RNA CCAT2是一種定位于8q24的長鏈非編碼RNA,在乳腺癌組織和乳腺癌細胞系中均顯著上調,CCAT2通過上調Wnt信號的主要下游效應器β-catenin促進乳腺癌的生長增殖[53]。此外,長鏈非編碼RNA CRNDE乳腺癌中通過競爭抑制miR-136激活Wnt/β-catenin信號,從而促進腫瘤細胞增殖[54]。

3.1.4 MYC信號通路 ?原癌基因MYC能激活參與細胞周期、細胞生長和血管生成的各種下游基因[55]。Wang Z[56]等觀察到長鏈非編碼RNA EPIC1通過與MYC相互作用,并增強其與幾個靶基因的結合促進細胞周期進程和增殖。長鏈非編碼RNA SNHG12在三陰性乳腺癌中高表達,且與腫瘤大小和淋巴結轉移顯著相關。此外,SNHG12是MYC的直接靶基因,沉默SNHG12表達可抑制乳腺癌細胞的增殖[57]。

3.1.5其他信號通路 ?Li J[58]等發現沉默長鏈非編碼RNA ASAH2B-2可以抑制mTOR信號通路,從而抑制乳腺癌細胞生長。同時,研究表明bcl-2家族成員bcl-w可以促進腫瘤細胞增殖、遷移和侵襲,位于HOX基因位點的長鏈非編碼RNA HOTAIR,通過調節miR-206介導的bcl-w信號通路,促進乳腺癌以及其他癌癥細胞的增殖[59]。

3.2長鏈非編碼RNA參與乳腺癌細胞的侵襲 ?轉移癌癥的侵襲轉移是指原發腫瘤細胞通過血液或淋巴細胞的途徑擴散到遠處的次生器官然后再增殖的多步驟過程,其導致了超過90%的癌癥死亡[60]。以下列出了長鏈非編碼RNA參與乳腺癌侵襲轉移的幾條通路。

3.2.1 STAT3信號通路 ?STAT3的激活在多種癌癥轉移中起著重要作用[61]。長鏈非編碼RNA HOTAIR在多種腫瘤中均上調,尤其是在乳腺癌中[62]。miR-7是STAT3以及乳腺癌侵襲轉移的負向調節因子,研究表明,HOTAIR通過間接抑制miR-7的表達激活STAT3信號通路,從而促進促進乳腺癌的侵襲轉移[63]。此外,在乳腺癌細胞中,lnc-BM通過促進ICAM1和CCL2的STAT3依賴性表達,促進乳腺癌細胞的腦轉移[64]。

3.2.2 NF-κB信號通路 ?NF-κB是在腫瘤微環境下,炎癥與腫瘤之間的重要聯系分子[65]。Liu B[66]等研究表明,長鏈非編碼RNA NKILA做為一種腫瘤抑制因子,通過結合NF-κB并抑制NF-κB信號通路,調節乳腺癌細胞的侵襲轉移。另一研究表明,在乳腺癌中,長鏈非編碼RNA NKILA通過阻斷NF-κB信號通路,抑制上皮間質化, 從而抑制乳腺癌細胞的侵襲轉移[67]。

3.2.3 TGF-β信號通路 ?轉化生長因子-β(TGF-β)是一種多功能細胞因子。TGF-β信號通路有助于調節細胞增殖分化、細胞凋亡、侵襲、細胞外基質生產、血管生成和免疫反應等細胞活動[68]。在乳腺癌中,TGF-β信號通路具有兩面性,在乳腺癌早期,它能抑制上皮細胞周期進程并促進細胞凋亡;然而,在晚期它作為一種致癌基因,促進腫瘤的進展和轉移[69]。長鏈非編碼RNA ANCR通過調節TGF-β信號通路,抑制乳腺癌細胞上皮間質化的進程和侵襲轉移[70]。此外,研究表明,長鏈非編碼RNA HIT,是一種新的乳腺癌相關的長鏈非編碼RNA,其對TGF-β介導的乳腺癌細胞的侵襲轉移具有顯著的促進作用[71]。

3.3長鏈非編碼RNA參與乳腺癌細胞的凋亡 ?細胞凋亡是正常組織發育所必須的程序性細胞死亡,細胞凋亡的失調促使腫瘤的發生。研究表明,許多長鏈非編碼RNA與乳腺癌細胞凋亡相關[72]。

3.3.1 p53信號通路 ?p53是一種腫瘤抑制蛋白,調節多種參與細胞凋亡、生長停滯和抑制細胞周期進展和分化的基因的表達[73]。而有研究表明,長鏈非編碼RNA是參與p53信號通路的關鍵成分[74]。p53介導的長鏈非編碼RNA GUARDIN能維持乳腺癌生長,并抑制乳腺癌細胞的凋亡[75]。此外,位于染色體11q13.1的長鏈非編碼RNA MALAT1,通過與SIRT1和DBC1競爭p53結合,調控p53的乙?;?,從而減少乳腺癌細胞的凋亡[76]。

3.3.2 Caspase信號通路 ?半胱氨酸天冬氨酸特異性蛋白酶(caspases)是一類由于細胞凋亡而協同作用的半胱氨酸蛋白酶[77]。Chen DQ[78]等發現,長鏈非編碼RNA LINC00628在乳腺癌中顯著下調,LINC00628過表達導致細胞周期G0/G1期阻滯,并通過調控caspase-3、Bax、Bcl-2的表達促進細胞凋亡。TUG1是一種參與多種癌癥進展的長鏈非編碼RNA。Li T[79]等研究發現TUG1的下調可增加caspase-3和caspase-9的活性,進而促進乳腺癌細胞的凋亡。

4前景和挑戰

長鏈非編碼RNA從最初被認為是轉錄噪音,到現在人們普遍認為其在基因表達和腫瘤發生發展中起著重要的調節作用,經歷了很長一段時間。長鏈非編碼RNA是人類癌癥診斷,治療和預后的潛在靶點。長鏈非編碼RNA的異常表達與乳腺癌有關。與能編碼蛋白質的信使RNA和人們所熟識的微小RNA不同,人們對長鏈非編碼RNA的認識還處于初級階段,對長鏈非編碼RNA的認識還有許多空白。首先,只有小部分的長鏈非編碼RNA得到了研究。對于長鏈非編碼RNA的異常表達到底是腫瘤發生的原因還是結果,目前尚不明確;其次,隨著檢測到的長鏈非編碼RNA的數量增加,其在癌癥中的生物學功能和作用機制有待進一步挖掘;最后,盡管多項研究表明循環長鏈非編碼RNA是多種類型腫瘤的潛在生物標志物,但是關于循環長鏈非編碼RNA在腫瘤中的研究才剛起步。要將循環長鏈非編碼RNA作為腫瘤診斷,預后和治療的生物標志物,仍需要進行進一步的廣泛研究。

總之,長鏈非編碼RNA的發現為癌癥的研究打開了新世界的大門,長鏈非編碼RNA可在癌癥的診斷,治療和預后方面發揮重要作用,使腫瘤患者受益。

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收稿日期:2019-3-12;修回日期:2019-3-21

編輯/楊倩

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