俞欣 金哲 朱亮 邱云鵬 卜現亭 王芳
摘要 以玄武湖為調查對象,分析了湖泊近年來水質、富營養化及底泥污染狀況,調查了水生植物種類及應用頻度,水生植物群落數量特征、景觀特征及多樣性與結構特征,探討了影響水生植物生長的因素。結果表明,玄武湖中應用的水生植物共47種,分別隸屬于32科。其中挺水植物7種,浮水植物5種,沉水植物3種,濕生植物32種。玄武湖水生植物數量及群落結構與DO、COD、氨氮等水質指標相關性較大,隨著近年來水質的不斷改善,玄武湖的水生植物種類和數量總體上呈增長趨勢。與南京城區其他湖泊相比,玄武湖水體水生植物群落的物種相對豐富,分布也相對均勻。但是,水花生等外來入侵物種的增加、荷花等物種的大量人為種植,都會影響玄武湖水生植物群落的多樣性特征。
關鍵詞 玄武湖;水生植物;群落特征;影響因素
中圖分類號 Q948.8文獻標識碼 A
文章編號 0517-6611(2020)24-0081-06
doi:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2020.24.023
開放科學(資源服務)標識碼(OSID):
Aquatic Plants Investigation of Xuanwu Lake and Its Influence Factors
YU Xin1,JIN Zhe1,ZHU Liang2 et al (1.Nanjing Research Institute of Environmental Protection,Nanjing,Jiangsu 210013;2.Environment School of Hohai University,Nanjing,Jiangsu 210098)
Abstract A survey was performed to analyse the water quality,eutrophication and sediment pollution of the lake body,to study the species and application frequency of aquatic plants,as well as quantitative characteristics,landscape and diversity features in Xuanwu Lake,to discuss the factors influencing the growth of the aquatic plants.The result showed,a total of 47 species of aquatic plants belonging to 32 families were applied in Xuanwu Lake,which included 7 species of emergent plants,5 species of floating plants,3 species of submerged plants,and 32 species of hygrophytes.The quantity and community structure of aquatic plants significantly correlated with water quality factors such as DO,COD and NH3-N.With the continuous improvement of water quality in recent years,the species and quantity of aquatic plants in Xuanwu Lake were increasing.Compared with other lakes in Nanjing City,the aquatic plants community of Xuanwu Lake was abundant and welldistributed relatively.However,the increase of invasive species such as alligator weed,as well as the artificial planting of lotus,will affect the diversity of aquatic plant communities in Xuanwu Lake.
Key words Xuanwu Lake;Aquatic plant;Community characteristics;Influence factor
玄武湖位于南京市區的玄武門外,湖水主要來自紫金山北麓,湖面面積3.78 km2,平均水深1.14 m,屬于典型的城市小型淺水湖泊[1]。玄武湖經護城河通金川河入長江,另有一支由武廟閘經秦淮河流入長江。玄武湖盛產魚蝦、菱、藕,水產資源十分豐富,玄武紅蓮即源于此湖,為中國八大觀荷勝地之一。該研究擬實地調查玄武湖湖泊中水生植物的種類和群落分布,分析湖泊水環境與湖泊水生植物間的相互影響,以期為玄武湖水生植物恢復和保護工作提供科學參考。
1 水生植物調查方法
此次湖泊水質情況調查主要采用資料收集法和現場勘察法,水生植物調查采用現場勘查法[2]。現場勘查時在重點區域設置樣地,劃分樣帶、樣方,記錄每個樣方內的植物種類、數目,單株覆蓋面積[3]。
調查選取樣地時,一般包含4種生活型的水生植物,既包含湖濱帶區域,也包含湖中區域。多度觀測采用目測估計法,蓋度觀測方法為分別觀測單個物種蓋度,同時估計整個樣方的總蓋度。
1.1 樣地、樣帶劃分
在調查區域內采用典型取樣方法設置樣地,并在每個樣地中設置1~3個樣帶,樣帶之間至少間隔10 m,所有樣帶垂直于水陸交界線,寬2 m,長4~14 m。每個樣帶設2~8個樣方,樣方間間隔2 m,樣方面積2 m×2 m,當樣方跨越邊界明顯的水陸交界線時,緊貼交界線兩邊的樣方之間可無間隔,水中植物樣方設至水中不再出現水生維管植物為止,其余樣方沿水分梯度在陸上排列,至出現連續的典型旱生群落或道路邊界為止(圖1)。