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依托微語篇,探究高中英語閱讀中的語言知識在單元的主題意義

2020-04-21 13:34:28王俊
英語學習 2020年1期
關鍵詞:閱讀

摘 要:一線高中英語教師在新課標的指引下,進行著大量的課堂教學改革。但由于課堂教學改革中還存在著各種局限性,導致部分教師在閱讀教學中對語言知識的學習理解、應用實踐和遷移創(chuàng)新三方面的理解還存在一定偏差。鑒于此,筆者以一堂市級公開課為例,就英語學習活動觀進行了反思:依托微語篇,探索高中英語閱讀中的語言知識在單元的主題意義。

關鍵詞:閱讀;語言知識;微語篇;單元主題意義

問題的提出

隨著《普通高中英語課程標準(2017年版)》(以下簡稱《課標》)的頒布和實施,一線教師在課堂上的教學改革不斷深入,很多教師在閱讀教學中針對語言知識進行了教學實踐。但部分教師還受“以考定教”的思路影響,在閱讀中處理、運用及拓展語言知識方面仍存在一些問題。

1. 語言知識的教學脫離單元主題意義

單元是承載主題意義的基本單位(梅德明、王薔,2018),但部分教師在語言知識課中,僅簡單機械地呈現(xiàn)歷年高考真題、模擬題,堆砌各種時事新聞、熱點話題或學生身邊的故事,再簡單處理閱讀中的語言知識。這種主題多元化下的語言知識教學脫離了單元主題,影響單元主題意義的整體性與閱讀教學的延續(xù)性,不利于對單元主題的挖掘。

2. 語言知識所依托的語篇雜亂無章

部分教師往往會在閱讀課第一課時根據(jù)話題梳理文章的信息、內容和思想,第二課時就直奔語言知識講解,畫出重點詞塊,挑出五六個最重要的詞,然后從詞典、互聯(lián)網或報刊中找一些例句,根據(jù)該詞的詞性和常用搭配,設置同義句替換、補全句子、選詞填空或英漢互譯等形式的課堂練習,就語言知識本身反復操練。這種教學設計缺乏對語篇的整體分析,缺少對語言知識所承載的意義的挖掘,由此導致語言知識的教學脫離單元主題意義。

3. 語言知識的單元目標不明確

在開展語言知識教學時,教師應在《課標》的指導下分析學生的現(xiàn)狀與需求,有效整合單元各個板塊的教學內容,確定閱讀中的語言知識在單元內的教學目標,而不能只要求學生掌握閱讀中的幾個核心詞匯、短語或句型,認為在輸出時能用到幾個核心詞塊就達成了目標。

微語篇、語言知識和單元主題意義三者概念的界定

所有的語言學習活動都應該在一定的主題語境下進行,即圍繞某一具體的主題語境,基于不同類型的語篇,在解決問題的過程中,運用語言技能獲取、梳理、整合語言知識和文化知識,深化對語言的理解,重視對語篇的賞析,比較和探究文化內涵,汲取文化精華(中華人民共和國教育部,2018)。

因此,在開展閱讀中對語言知識的學習與理解、運用與實踐時,教師可以結合相關材料,創(chuàng)設一個與閱讀文本主題意義類似,且語言知識盡可能涵蓋在內的新語篇——微語篇,使學生在單元主題意義的引領下整合詞匯、語法、語篇和語用知識等語言知識,發(fā)展綜合語言運用能力,關注語言知識的表意功能,搭建“腳手架”,由此對教材中單元的主題意義進行遷移。

教學經過及反思

本課例是一節(jié)市級公開課,內容是譯林版《牛津高中英語》Module 6 Unit 4主閱讀The UN—Bring Everyone Closer Together。通過分析本課例所設的教學環(huán)節(jié),筆者提煉出的教學思路大致如下:

執(zhí)教教師通過開展學習理解活動、應用實踐活動、遷移創(chuàng)新活動來踐行英語學習活動觀。其中,學習理解活動作為閱讀文本中語言知識的熱身,旨在回歸教材,讓學生初步學習與理解核心詞匯在閱讀文本中的含義;應用實踐活動是教學重點,教師借助預設的微語篇,通過相關活動引導學生運用語言知識;遷移創(chuàng)新活動是教學難點,教師設置新情景,引導學生進行合理聯(lián)想,解決實際問題。

課例設計思路清晰,所選素材新鮮,提煉出的語言知識重點突出,但主題意義的統(tǒng)領有形式無內容,操練和運用語言知識的活動碎片化,難以引導學生探索語言知識在單元主題中的意義。下面筆者以對該課例的反思為例,依托微語篇,探究高中英語閱讀中的語言知識在單元中的主題意義。具體教學經過及反思如下:

1. 學習理解

(1)初次備課

Step 1. 教師提問:What are the UNs functions?

[設計意圖]

此環(huán)節(jié)作為本節(jié)課的主題導入,是對閱讀第一課時的自然過渡,旨在通過問答活動,讓學生溫習聯(lián)合國的四個主要職能。

Step 2. 教師板書填空活動:More information about the UN。

① The UN refers to the United Nations, which is _____ countries to _____ world peace.

② The UN was _____ in 1945 and 192 countries _____ the UN.

③ The UN has four functions, which touches the lives of people. The UN protects human rights and improves international laws, those on child labor and on _____ rights for minorities and women…

[設計意圖]

教師在此環(huán)節(jié)補充了關于聯(lián)合國的信息,目的是想引導學生鞏固以下詞塊:made up of, promote; set up, belong to; equal; apart from, lack of, ensure, available; honoured, take on, voluntary, draw, attention; contributed, acquire, expand, transform, provide, under the umbrella。

此環(huán)節(jié)要求學生補全信息,進一步拓展學生對聯(lián)合國基本信息的了解。教師呈現(xiàn)的語篇凝練了原閱讀文本,讓學生在概括性的文本中梳理出重點語言知識,從而檢測學生對語言知識的掌握情況。

Step 3. 教師板書填空鞏固練習。

① I feel very honoured to have been able to _____ the leading role in the new play.

② The ability to use a language can _____ only by the act of using the language.

⑥ She needs her new, busy work to_____ her family.

[設計意圖]

教師設計了鞏固性練習,要求學生利用課本中重點考綱詞匯的正確形式填空,再次檢驗學生對take on、be acquired、promoting、has expanded、to ensure、provide for的了解程度。

Step 4. 教師進行課文復現(xiàn)。

① I am pleased to have this chance today to talk to you about the United Nations, or the UN, as it is more often referred to. (Line 2)

② With the help of these armies and other worthy organizations, the UN assists the victims of wars and diseases.(Line 20)

③ … worthwhile… (Line 40)

④ … equal…(Line 22)

⑤ … contributed… (Line 35)

⑥ … lack of… (Line 43)

[設計意圖]

此環(huán)節(jié)要求學生在文本中找到并齊聲誦讀上述句子,關注本節(jié)課要講的六個核心詞塊。

[反思]

初次備課的教學設計列舉了文本中高頻的考綱詞匯,教師依托課文文本和補充語篇,用挖空、選詞填空或課文原詞再現(xiàn)的形式呈現(xiàn),有利于學生回顧文本的信息、內容與思想。但這種教學設計易使學生在學習中偏重語言知識,而非語言知識所承載的意義,而且會導致語言知識的教學環(huán)節(jié)偏多,教學重點不突出。

其中,Step 1的教學主題是聯(lián)合國的功能,Step 2的教學主題變?yōu)閷β?lián)合國相關信息的介紹,Step 3的教學主題涉及做事、學習、社會與文化、社會服務與人際溝通等,主題多樣化造成學生思維轉變頻繁,加重了學生的學習負擔。

本單元主題是“Helping people around the world”,而閱讀文本的標題是The UN—Bringing Everyone Closer Together。因此,教師在第二課時可以通過補充語篇使二者相互聯(lián)系,具體闡釋聯(lián)合國是如何幫助我們身邊的人,從而在單元的主題意義中探索語言知識教學。

筆者認為閱讀文本中語言知識的核心詞匯應為refer、lack、worthy、equal、contribute。教師在重構文本的微語篇時,不僅要保證篇幅短小精悍,還應高度概括文本信息、內容和思想。鑒于此,筆者經反思后,重新進行了教學設計。

(2)再次備課

Tang Ning feels very honoured to talk to us about the UN, as it is more often r_____ to. The UN has four main functions, which is to not only assist the victims of wars and disasters with the help of some w_____ organizations or armies, but also help protect human rights and works, especially the e_____ rights for minorities and women. Therefore, she pays some visits to countries, having programmes of the UN, to increase peoples knowledge of the work of it, and to encourage people to work for them or make the local people a_____ more attention to the situation. For example, some women in Africa organized a group to a_____ material to make baskets and then sell them for a profit, which c_____ to transforming their lives. The UN also helps countries with other problems such as l_____ of education, starvation, disasters and so on. Through the w_____ of UN, the world has been brought closer together.

(答案:referred; worthy; equal; attach; acquire; contributes; lack; work)

[設計意圖]

The UN—Bringing Everyone Closer Together是一篇演講稿,不僅介紹了聯(lián)合國成立的背景、職能,還解釋了Tang Ning作為聯(lián)合國的親善大使所要履行的相關職責:增加人們對聯(lián)合國的了解,吸引人們對聯(lián)合國所做項目的關注,從而幫助有需求的國家及人民。而再次備課的文本是對該演講稿內容、語言和思維的高度濃縮。

閱讀課第二課時的第一環(huán)節(jié)為學習與理解語言知識,其主要意圖是溫故知新。因此教學活動應具備三個特點:重構的文本應該是第一課時所學文本思想內容的高度概括,篇幅應簡短精干;凸顯本節(jié)課學習重點的挖空處應該少而精,挖空處應該是教師重點教授的語言或修辭;作為高中英語學習的重點,動詞或其他形式轉化為動詞應是本節(jié)課語言學習的重心(王為忠,2018)。

2. 應用實踐

(1)初次備課

Step 1. Who is he? (Next UN Secretary-General )(見表1)

When people refer to Guterres work achievement, he has a reputation of clean governance and strict administration. What he has done is referred to as a great contribution to UNHCR, which refers to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (聯(lián)合國難民事務高級專員). As its head, he has effectively led it during the greatest migration crisis facing Europe after World War II.

Guterres strong performance answering questions before the General Assembly without referring to his notes had already helped him to rank the first place among the 13 candidates applying for the job in the Security Council.

Note: reference n. 提及,涉及;參考

① Point out the meaning of refer related in the article.

A. to look at sth. or ask sb. for information

B. to mention or talk about sb. or sth.

C. to describe or be connected to sb. or sth.

D. be seen / thought of as…

(答案:referring to; refer to; refers to; is referred to as)

② In reference to your question about cost, the tickets for the film are 35 yuan each.(Translation)

⑥ The president spoke at the business meeting for nearly an hour without _____ his notes.

A. bringing up B. referring to

C. looking for D. trying on

(答案:B)

[設計意圖]

授課教師補充微語篇,介紹當時即將上任的聯(lián)合國秘書長古特雷斯的個人信息和相關經歷,在微語篇中呈現(xiàn)與refer相關的語言知識,然后利用配對、翻譯、補全句子、單項選擇等練習形式進行with / in regard to、reference book、referred to、refer… as等語言知識的拓展訓練,使學生了解refer的名詞形式、意義、搭配、近義詞及近義短語。

Step 2.

“After years in exile (流放), refugees (難民的) living conditions are terrible because of (a) lack of resources. I have met middle-class families with children who are surviving on the streets and praying to make it through the winter. Well over half of Syrian refugees in Lebanon are lacking in secure places to live. And a survey of 40,000 Syrian families in Jordan found that two-thirds lacked basic things for daily life. One father of four compared life as a refugee to being stuck in quicksand (流沙) —every time you move, you sink down further. For lack of funds, there just isnt enough assistance to provide for Syrian refugees.”

(以上文本改編自UN High Commissioner for Refugees António Guterres—Written Text of Speech to the UN Security Council—26 February 2015)

① Since he _____ experience, he didnt get the job.

⑤Though _____ money, he managed to start his own business.

A. lacked B. to lack

C. lacking D. being lacked

(答案:lacked / was lacking in; C)

[設計意圖]

教師設計了同義句替換聯(lián)系,涉及l(fā)acked、was lacking in、for lack of、(a) lack of的相關詞塊。此外,教師進一步在微語篇中介紹古特雷斯的特殊經歷,使學生對他產生更深入的認識,并利用練習引導學生學習和lack相關的語言知識。

Step 3. Why him? Next UN Secretary-General.

IOC and UNHCR advocate people contributing to (contribute to捐助,貢獻) refugees.

Wars contribute to (導致,促成) their abandoning their hometown.

① She contributed a number of articles to the magazine. (Translate contributed to in Chinese.)

⑥ — What do you think of the new law made by the government?

— As far as Im concerned, it will_____ the peace of our country.

A. reply to B. refer to

C. contribute to D. appeal to

(答案:投(稿);C)

[設計意圖]

在介紹完古特雷斯的主要個人信息和經歷后(即Who的問題),教師對古特雷斯為什么能勝任聯(lián)合國秘書長這一職位進行說明(即Why的問題),初步解釋他的主張、能力及對世界所做的貢獻。之后的翻譯、補全句子、選擇題等練習意在讓學生學習contribute的相關語言知識。

Step 4.

“While every refugees story is different, they all share equal courage—the courage not only to survive, but also to rebuild their broken lives.” —António Guterres

He is equal to (be qualified for) the job, and nobody can be equal to(compare with / match / equal) him in his contributions to work.

He believes that there should be equality between the refugees and us.

Note: equality n.平等

① 人生來平等,應該同等對待。

People are born _____ and should be treated _______ .

② 這租金相當于他半個月的收入。

The rent _____ half his monthly income.

③ 漢譯英:我相信你能勝任這項任務。

(答案:equal, equally;is equal to;I am sure that you are equal to this task.)

[設計意圖]

本環(huán)節(jié)教師利用古特雷斯的講話及人們對他的評價,再次解釋他為什么能勝任聯(lián)合國秘書長一職,并通過練習拓展與equal相關的語言知識。

Step 5.

教師展示社交媒體新聞截圖(見圖1、圖2)。

Note:

it is worthy of + being done / to be done / n.

be worth + n. / doing sth.

it is worthwhile to do / doing sth.

① This article is well _____ reading but it is not _____ of being translated.

A. worth; worthwhile

B. worth; worth

C. worthy; worthy

D. worth; worthy

②漢譯英: 這個建議值得認真考慮。

(答案:D;②略)

[設計意圖]

教師利用社會對古特雷斯當選新任聯(lián)合國秘書長的評價來總結他能擔任這一職務的原因,并利用worthy的同一句式來表達這一意義。

[反思]

圍繞refer、lack、contribute、worth和 equal這五個核心詞匯,教師創(chuàng)設了五個微語篇,并通過“Who is he?”和“Why him?”這兩個問題作為主線,分別來說明古特雷斯的身份,從不同角度闡釋他當選新任聯(lián)合國秘書長的理由。教師設置了英漢互譯、同義詞替換、補全句子、選擇題和配對等形式的練習來檢測語言知識。

但是,這木幾個微語篇及其語言知識的練習語境主題不一致,語言知識的講解還沒有擺脫傳統(tǒng)方式的束縛,教師力爭面面俱到,訓練和鞏固手段多樣,看似有主題語境,但多元化的主題使得各信息點之間的聯(lián)系不多,學生在學習過程中無法通過一條主線來貫穿整節(jié)課的完整內容,不利于培養(yǎng)學生的整體性思維。

鑒于此,筆者直接依據(jù)“Who is he?”和“Why him?”兩條主線,分別創(chuàng)設微語篇,把五個核心詞匯及其相關的詞性與常用搭配融入其中,復現(xiàn)在學習理解環(huán)節(jié)中所學的語言知識,主要的教學目標依然是讓學生對古特雷斯有更深入的了解,從思想、經歷、能力等方面思考古特雷斯勝任這一職務的原因。

基于這些思考,筆者依據(jù)有關古特雷斯的時事新聞或講話,再次創(chuàng)設了微語篇,構思了新的教案。

(2)再次備課

Step 1. Who is he? Next UN Secretary-General.

① Fill in the blanks with proper words.

In _____ (refer) to who António Guterres is, here is a brief introduction about him. Gutterres, a 67-yearold politician, served as UN High Commissioner for Refugees from June 2005 to December 2015. Before joining the UN refugee agency, Gutterres spent more than 20 years in government and public service. He was the prime minister of Portugal from 1995 to 2002.

When people _____ (refer) Guterres work achievement, he has a reputation of clean governance and strict administration. What he has done is referred to as a great contribution to UNHCR, which _____ (refer) the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees(聯(lián)合國難民事務高級專員). As its head, he has effectively led it during the greatest migration crisis facing Europe after World War II.

Guterres strong performance answering questions before the General Assembly without _____ (refer) his notes had already helped him to rank the first place among the 13 candidates applying for the job in the Security Council.

(答案:reference ;refer to;refers to;referring to)

② Match the meanings of refer related to the article with the proper one.

A. to look at sth. or ask sb. for information

B. to mention or talk about sb. or sth.

C. to describe or be connected to sb. or sth.

D. be seen / thought of as

③Fill in the blanks with proper words.

“After years in exile (流放), refugees (難民) living conditions are terrible because of _____ (lack) resources. I have met middle-class families with children who are surviving on the streets and praying to make it through the winter. Well over half of Syrian refugees in Lebanon _ ___ _ (lack) secure places to live. And a survey of 40,000 Syrian families in Jordan found that two-thirds _____(lack) basic things for daily life. One father of four compared life as a refugee to being stuck in quicksand (流沙) —every time you move, you sink down further. _____ (lack) funds, there just isnt enough assistance to provide for Syrian refugees.”

(以上文本改編自UN High Commissioner for Refugees António Guterres—Written text of speech to the UN Security Council—26 February 2015)

(參考答案:(a) lack of;are lacking in;lacked;For lack of)

Step 2 Why him? (Next UN Secretary-General)

One reason for this is that he holds the belief that people are born _____ and should be treated _____ . Also, he believes that there should be _____ between the refugees and us. Therefore, it is obvious that he _ __ __ the job.

Nobody can be equal to him in his_____ to work. To begin with, Guterres will make great _____ to serving the global community with dedication, as a moral authority, and _____ to a result that he will be the voice of our collective conscience and humanity, throughout his term. In addition, he _____ a number of articles_____ the magazine to call on the public to work as a convener, a mediator, a bridgebuilder and an honest broker to help find solutions that benefit everyone involved in trouble, thus _____ the peace of the world.

All in all, Guterres is _____ of being chosen as the next UNSC. It is _____ electing him as the UNSC to address the insecurity and uncertainties of todays world. And it is _____ to trust him in making the UN function well and help those in need as many as possible.

(答案: equal;equally;equality;is equal to;contributions;contributions contribute ;contributed;to;contributing to;worthy;worth;worthwhile)

[設計意圖]

在講解拓展單元主題的微語篇時,筆者借助問題,把文本中的重要語言知識自然地凸顯了出來,通過問答、討論使學生反復琢磨equal、contribute、worth等詞的語音、語義及語用,讓學生們始終浸潤在聯(lián)合國的用人之道中,感悟古特雷斯的人格魅力及其為幫助世界各國及人民更好地發(fā)展和生活而作出的貢獻,由此潛移默化地培養(yǎng)學生的世界觀、人生觀和價值觀,實現(xiàn)了英語學科的育人價值。

3. 遷移與創(chuàng)新

(1)初次備課

Chinese President Xi Jinping believes Guterres will keep his commitment to the UN Charter and work with the international community to deal with global challenges, safeguard world peace, promote common development and contribute to world cooperation.

Referring to China and Portugal, Xi holds the belief that the two countries enjoy a traditional friendship with equal political trust and there is never lack of strengthened cooperation in various areas.

It is worthwhile working with Portugal to push forward the friendly and cooperative relations between the two countries.

教師要求學生先完成上述的語篇填空任務,然后完成Letter of congratulations on Guterres的寫作任務,并要求作文包括以下兩方面內容:①What are the existing problems?②What do you expect the UN to do?(教師提供了22個目標語言知識,供學生參考。)

[設計意圖]

教師在本環(huán)節(jié)中概括了“Who is he?”和“Why him?”兩個問題,在微語篇中串聯(lián)并總結了本節(jié)課的核心詞匯,然后要求學生思考當今世界面對的主要問題,希望聯(lián)合國秘書長針對這些問題提供哪些援助,并盡可能多地利用本節(jié)課的語言知識形成書面的輸出內容。

[反思]

初次備課中,教師要求學生補全微語篇,進而讓學生分析當今世界面臨哪些問題,及學生期望聯(lián)合國秘書長帶領聯(lián)合國如何去提供幫助,并要求學生盡可能多地使用本節(jié)課的語言知識完成寫作任務。該寫作主題有內容和語言支架,但不能引起學生的興趣,限制了學生的思維。

語言知識的輸出可依托文本和補充閱讀的信息、內容和思想來作為支架,通過深度理解閱讀文本來訓練學生的遷移與創(chuàng)新能力。在初次備課的教學設計中,教師嘗試培養(yǎng)學生建構國際視野,學習中外優(yōu)秀文化知識,并學會理性看待中國與聯(lián)合國的關系,思考聯(lián)合國在世界范圍內所起的具體作用,教學實質就是探索閱讀中的語言知識在單元的主題意義。筆者整合了本單元Task中的寫作內容,對公開課的教案進行了再設計。

(2)再次備課

Step 1. Fill in the blanks with proper words.

Chinese President Xi Jinping believes Guterres will keep his commitment to the UN Charter and work with the international community to deal with global challenges, safeguard world peace, promote common development and _________ world cooperation.

_________ China and Portugal, Xi holds the belief that the two countries enjoy a traditional friendship with_________ political trust and there is never_________ strengthened cooperation in various areas.

It is _________ working with Portugal to push forward the friendly and cooperative relations between the two countries, Xi said.

(答案:contribute to;Referring to;equal;lack of;worthwhile)

Step 2. Writing a proposal

① Is Guterres really equal to the UNSC? Why or why not?

② What serious problems, which need Guterres help, are China faced with?

③ Suppose you were Guterres, you were asked to pay a visit to China and write a proposal to China about how to help address one of the serious problems discussed in your group.

Title:_________________________

Group members:________________

Introduction of the problem:

________________________________________________________________________________________________

Wed like to help _______________ by _________________________________________________________________________________________________

Benefits:

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

I am glad that I am invited to visit China. And it is a great honour to give some suggestions on how to address ________________. I hope__________________ can be coped with early. Thank you.

[設計意圖]

語言知識的輸出活動能夠給學生搭建思維的舞臺,展示、拓展和提高邏輯、批判和創(chuàng)新思維能力。筆者設計的三個問題循序漸進,在口頭討論和書面表達中訓練學生的邏輯思維,首先引導學生思考古特雷斯是否真正適合聯(lián)合國秘書長一職,一方面總結微語篇的信息和內容,另一方面培養(yǎng)學生的批判思維;然后筆者創(chuàng)設情境,讓學生思考中國面臨哪些嚴峻問題,并站在聯(lián)合國秘書長的角度提供建議,這有利于讓學生深度理解聯(lián)合國的功能和職責,就幫助發(fā)展中國家發(fā)展、促進全球合作、維護世界和平提出自己創(chuàng)造性的見解,開拓國際視野,最終實現(xiàn)語言知識在單元主題意義中的功能。

結語

語言知識的學習,應該是一個解剖意義、內化意義、構建意義的過程。在這個過程中,教師依托微語篇,在閱讀教學中借助新創(chuàng)設的語境,以文本中核心語言知識為明線,以主題意義為暗線,探索課文的主題意義,同時也拓展主題的寬度、深度、廣度。以明線和暗線兩個維度為支撐,挖掘課文和微語篇的主題關聯(lián),凸顯出單元主題意義和內涵,在主題意義的構建中培養(yǎng)了學生的語言能力、思維能力,也幫助學生樹立了正確的價值觀。

參考文獻

梅德明,王薔. 2018. 普通高中英語課程標準(2017年版)解讀[M]. 北京:人民教育出版社.

王為忠. 2018. 話題視角下高中英語閱讀課第二課時的磨課實踐[J]. 中小學外語教學(中學篇), (8):29-34

中華人民共和國教育部. 2018. 普通高中英語課程標準(2017年版)[S]. 北京:人民教育出版社.

王俊,江蘇省南京市大廠高級中學英語教師。

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