彭擁軍 蔣星卓 李文倩 吳旭 朱冰梅
[摘要] 變應性鼻炎(AR)是機體接觸過敏原后,主要由免疫球蛋白E(IgE)介導的一種常見的變態反應性疾病。針灸作為治療AR的一種常見療法,具有安全、有效、副作用小等優勢。本文通過文獻檢索,回顧、總結及探討AR的發病機制和針灸治療作用機制的研究進展。研究顯示AR的發生主要和免疫、神經功能紊亂及鼻黏膜炎性細胞浸潤有關,而針灸可通過免疫調節、神經調節、降低IgE、減少鼻黏膜炎性浸潤等途徑發揮治療作用。同時指出目前研究中的問題和不足,為進一步研究提供思路。
[關鍵詞] 變應性鼻炎;針灸;免疫調節;神經調節
[中圖分類號] R765.2 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻標識碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號] 1673-7210(2020)04(c)-0061-04
Mechanism of acupuncture in the treatment of allergic rhinitis
PENG Yongjun1 ? JIANG Xingzhuo1 ? LI Wenqian1 ? WU Xu1 ? ZHU Bingmei2
1.Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing ? 210029, China; 2.Center for Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu ? 610041, China
[Abstract] Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common non-infectious chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) when body is exposed to allergens. Acupuncture, as a common treatment for AR, has the advantages of safety, effectiveness, and few side effects. This review summarized and discussed the progress of the pathogenesis of AR and the mechanisms of acupuncture treatment by retrieving relevant literatures in recent years. The mechanisms underlying AR are complex, including immunity disorder, nerve dysfunction, and nasal mucosal inflammatory cell infiltration. The studies showed that acupuncture can play a therapeutic role through immunoregulation, neuromodulation, decreasing IgE, and reducing nasal mucosal inflammatory infiltration. Also, the review pointed out some problems and shortcomings in the current research, and provided ideas for further study.
[Key words] Allergic rhinitis; Acupuncture; Immunomodulation; Neuromodulation
變應性鼻炎(allergic rhinitis,AR)是機體接觸變應原后主要由免疫球蛋白E(immunoglobulin E,IgE)介導,以及多種炎癥介質、細胞因子參與的鼻黏膜非感染性慢性炎癥性疾病,以突然和反復發作的鼻癢、噴嚏、鼻塞、流涕等為特征的一種常見病[1]。隨著中國經濟的發展、人民生活方式的改變,AR患病率明顯上升[2],一項針對中國成年人6年期間自我報告AR的調查顯示,成人AR的患病率從2005年的11.1%增加到2011年的17.6%[3]。AR通常伴隨患者終生,成為影響人們生活質量的一大難題,對個人及社會醫療資源都造成明顯負擔[4]。目前其常見療法包括鼻內糖皮質激素、抗組胺藥、抗白三烯藥,過敏原免疫療法及手術療法[5]。美國頭頸外科雜志發表的2015新版AR臨床指南中首次提出針灸療法可作為AR治療方案之一[6]。2018年,中國第一版英文AR診療指南中也將針灸療法納入推薦治療方案[7]。相較于西藥副作用多、易反復、免疫療法療程長、費用高、可誘發嚴重過敏反應,手術創傷大、費用高等弊端,針灸具有經濟、副作用少、遠期療效佳等優勢[8]。本文主要探討AR的發病機制和針灸治療作用機制。
1 AR的發病機制
1.1 免疫功能紊亂
從免疫學角度,AR的發病可分為致敏和激發兩個階段。致敏階段是指過敏原進入鼻腔,通過其蛋白酶活性進入抗原遞呈細胞(antigen-presenting cell,APC),激活上皮細胞,活化的鼻上皮細胞分泌胸腺基質淋巴細胞生成素(thymic stromal lymphopoietin,TSLP),白細胞介素-33(Interleukin-33,IL-33)等輔助型T細胞2(T helper 2 cell,Th2)誘導細胞因子,觸發Th2型變應性炎癥;樹狀突細胞和巨噬細胞識別并吞噬過敏原,發育成熟并遷移至引流淋巴結,將抗原呈遞給幼稚T細胞,使之優先向Th2細胞分化[9];同時誘導B細胞同種型轉化為特異性IgE并促進肥大細胞(mast cell,MC)和嗜酸性粒細胞(eosinophil,EOS)的增殖,產生的抗原特異性IgE則與MC和嗜堿性粒細胞上的高親和力IgE受體FcεRI結合,使這些細胞對過敏原致感[10]。激發階段是指過敏原再次進入鼻腔后,被免疫系統識別從而激發出過敏性鼻炎的相應癥狀。此階段可分為早期和晚期反應。早期為速發型超敏反應,在與過敏原接觸的數分鐘內,通過IgE-抗原相互作用被激活的MC釋放炎癥化學介質組胺、前列腺素和白三烯[11],以及細胞因子,如腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、IL-4、IL-5等,在過敏性炎癥中發揮重要作用。晚期反應發生于接觸過敏原4~6 h后,早期釋放的細胞因子可激活內皮細胞,增加黏附分子表達,促進EOS的募集,滲透到鼻黏膜。此外MC釋放的類靡蛋白酶、類胰蛋白酶等激活基質金屬蛋白酶,使組織基質蛋白降解而造成組織損傷[12]。
3 小結
目前已有大量研究顯示了針灸治療AR的確切療效,且基本得到國內外的認可。而關于AR發病機制和針刺治療該病的作用機制研究也日益增多,經綜合分析,針灸治療AR主要通過調節免疫——神經系統,使其恢復平衡,發揮抗炎作用,減輕鼻黏膜炎性浸潤,從而緩解癥狀。但AR作為針灸的優勢病種,國內對其的研究尚處于起步階段,存在研究范圍小、樣本量少、低水平重復、缺乏規范等問題。隨著對AR發病機制認識的深入,探索針灸治療過敏性鼻炎的網絡式作用機制是未來研究的主要目的和方向。
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(收稿日期:2019-11-19 ?本文編輯:封 ? 華)