揭洪霞 孫曉婷



【摘要】 目的:探討健康教育在血液透析濾過治療難治性高血壓護理中的應用及對患者QOL評分的影響。方法:選取2018年2月-2019年2月于本院住院的尿毒癥難治性高血壓患者82例,根據隨機數字表法將其分為研究組和對照組,每組41例。對照組應用常規健康教育,研究組應用針對性健康教育。比較兩組患者血壓控制情況、心理健康狀況、遵醫依從性及生活質量情況。結果:干預后,研究組收縮壓、舒張壓、SDS及SAS評分均低于對照組,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05)。干預后,兩組血漿腎素、血管緊張素Ⅱ水平均低于干預前,且研究組均低于對照組,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05)。研究組主動咨詢、藥物干擾、頻繁換醫、服藥方式錯誤、只用降壓儀或中藥、體重指數超標、缺乏鍛煉或方式不妥、習慣不良或睡眠不足、高鹽飲食、中等量飲酒或酗酒、吸煙的依從性均優于對照組,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05)。研究組的獨立能力、心理狀況、生活環境、身體機能、社會關系評分均高于對照組,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05)。結論:健康教育應用在血液透析過濾治療難治性高血壓患者護理中,患者心理健康狀況良好,血壓有明顯降低,血漿腎素、血管緊張素Ⅱ水平也有明顯改善,患者遵醫依從性較高,有利于提高治療效果,改善患者生活質量,具有較高的應用價值。
【關鍵詞】 難治性高血壓 尿毒癥 血液透析濾過治療 健康教育 生活質量
The Application of Health Education in the Nursing of Patients with Refractory Hypertension Treated by Hemodialysis and Filtration and Its Influence on QOL Score/JIE Hongxia, SUN Xiaoting. //Medical Innovation of China, 2020, 17(13): 0-081
[Abstract] Objective: To explore the application of health education in nursing care of refractory hypertension treated by hemodiafiltration and its effect on patients QOL score. Method: A total of 82 cases of uremia refractory hypertension patients hospitalized in our hospital from February 2018 to February 2019 were selected. According to the random number table method, they were divided into study group and control group,
41 cases in each group. The control group received routine health education, the research group applied targeted health education. Blood pressure control, mental health, compliance and quality of life were compared between the two groups. Result: After the intervention, the scores of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, SDS and SAS in the study group were lower than those of control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). After the intervention, the levels of renin and AngⅡ in the two groups were lower than those of before the intervention, the study group of those were lower than those of the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The compliance of active consultation, drug interference, frequent change of medical treatment, wrong way of taking medicine, using only antihypertensive device or traditional Chinese medicine, overweight body mass index, lack of exercise or improper way, bad habits or insufficient sleep, high salt diet, moderate amount of drinking or drinking, smoking in the study group were better than those of the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The scores of independent ability, psychological status, living environment, physical function and social relationship in the study group were higher than those of control group, the differences were statistically significant? (P<0.05). Conclusion: The application of health education in the nursing of patients with refractory hypertension treated by hemodialysis filtration has a good mental health, a significant reduction in blood pressure, a significant improvement in plasma renin and angiotension Ⅱ levels, a high compliance of patients with medical treatment, which is conducive to improving the treatment effect, improving the quality of life of patients, and has a high application value.
2.2 兩組血壓控制情況及心理健康情況比較 干預前,兩組收縮壓、舒張壓、SDS及SAS評分比較,差異均無統計學意義(P>0.05);干預后,研究組上述指標均低于對照組,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05)。見表1。
2.3 兩組血漿腎素、血管緊張素Ⅱ水平比較 干預前,兩組血漿腎素、血管緊張素Ⅱ水平,差異均無統計學意義(P>0.05);干預后,兩組血漿腎素、血管緊張素Ⅱ水平均低于干預前,且研究組均低于對照組,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05)。見表2。
2.4 兩組依從性比較 研究組主動咨詢、藥物干擾、頻繁換醫、服藥方式錯誤、只用降壓儀或中藥、體重指數超標、缺乏鍛煉或方式不妥、習慣不良或睡眠不足、高鹽飲食、中等量飲酒或酗酒、吸煙的依從性均優于對照組,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05),見表3。
2.5 兩組生活質量比較 研究組的獨立能力、心理狀況、生活環境、身體機能、社會關系評分均高于對照組,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05),見表4。
3 討論
難治性高血壓主要與血液中擴張血管類物質減少、交感神經系統容量負荷增加、活性提升等有關,其發病機制較為復雜。相關研究顯示,腎素依賴是尿毒癥患者發生難治性高血壓的原因,尿毒癥患者血液透析治療前血壓一直偏高,治療后患者腎素分泌提升,內皮細胞損傷加重,進一步引發高血壓惡化,帶來惡性循環。血液透析治療中,血漿腎素分子量、血管緊張素Ⅱ水平達到4 000D左右,為中分子毒素,這些分子毒素常規的血液透析治療很難清除,造成患者常規血液透析治療后,機體內血漿腎素分子量、血管緊張素Ⅱ水平偏高[12-13]。血液透析濾過治療中,透析膜孔徑較大,使用的是高通量膜透析器,清除小分子毒素的效果較為顯著,對血漿腎素、血管緊張素Ⅱ水平的清除效果也較好,血漿腎素、血管緊張素Ⅱ水平降低,內皮損傷減輕,內皮素分泌合成減少,患者血壓有所降低[14-15]。
尿毒癥患者進行血液透析濾過治療時,較為常見的并發癥是難治性高血壓,所以對難治性高血壓進行針對的護理干預,可以提升患者的治療效果[16]。本次研究中,對尿毒癥難治性高血壓患者進行針對性健康教育,降血壓的效果優于常規健康教育,針對性護理對患者各個方面的細節進行處理,如生活、并發癥、用藥、心理等,提升血液透析濾過治療效果,對患者有重要意義。
相關研究發現,引發心血管事件的獨立危險因素之一是嚴重抑郁情緒,而血壓控制較差的重要因素之一是嚴重焦慮情緒,患者的焦慮抑郁情緒影響到血壓的有效控制,若血壓遲遲得不到理想控制,患者不良情緒又會進一步加重,形成惡性循環[17-18]。因此,難治性高血壓患者若想應對不良情緒可實施有效的護理干預進行改變。本次研究數據顯示,護理干預前,兩組患者均存在一定程度焦慮、抑郁情緒,研究組患者進行針對性健康教育,不斷給予患者心理支持,改變患者獨立應對不良情緒的狀況,指導患者自我調節焦慮、抑郁情緒的方法,幫助患者更容易轉變情緒,提升患者的遵醫依從性,對控制血壓有著積極意義,有利于改善生活質量[19-20]。研究結果顯示,針對性健康教育的研究組,患者的心理健康狀況優于常規健康教育的對照組,各項生活習慣遵醫率高于對照組。
綜上所述,健康教育應用在血液透析過濾治療難治性高血壓患者護理中,患者心理健康狀況良好,血壓有明顯降低,血漿腎素、血管緊張素Ⅱ水平也有明顯改善,患者遵醫依從性較高,有利于提高治療效果,改善患者生活質量,具有較高的應用價值。
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(收稿日期:2019-11-04) (本文編輯:姬思雨)