巧學活用名詞性從句

陳應彬

【摘 要】 名詞在句中可以充當主語、賓語、表語、同位語，能夠代替名詞這一功能的句子叫名詞性從句。名詞性從句分為：賓語從句、主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句。學習名詞性從句、名詞性從句的引導詞以及名詞性從句與定語從句的區別，防止混淆是非常有必要的。

【關鍵詞】 主語從句;賓語從句;賓語從句;同位語從句

一、名詞性從句引導詞的用法

that僅作引導詞，從句意思完整，不充當任何成分;what指事物或表疑問，充當主語或賓語;who 指人，作主語或賓語，表疑問，“誰？”;which指事物，作定語，表疑問，“哪一個？”;whatever指事物，作主語或賓語，語氣強，“任何事情”;whoever指人，作主語或賓語，“任何人”;when表疑問，作狀語，“什么時候？”;where 表疑問，作狀語，“哪里？”;how 表疑問，作狀語，“怎樣？”;why 表疑問，作狀語，“為什么？”;whether / if作引導詞，表“是否”，但在句首、介詞后的賓語從句和表語從句中只能用whether;還有it 作形式賓語的賓語從句等。

二、名詞性從句的分類及用法

1. 賓語從句

You can take whatever you want.

It is too early to judge which team will win the match.

The physics teacher explained to us why the earth travels around the sun.

I wonder if / whether the boss will give me a leave.

I take it for granted that they were not coming.

2. 主語從句

What the capitalist pursue are profits.

That Yang Liwei is the first Chinese to travel into space is known to the world.

How all the criminals escaped from the prison over a single night remains a secret.

When and where we shall burn the dead birds and beasts hasnt been decided.

（引導主語從句如果有多個引導詞，但任務目的一致謂語仍用單數，主語從句放在句首，謂語一般用單數）

3. 表語從句

The present problem is that there is not enough food and clothing in the disaster-stricken areas.

China is no longer what it used to be.

The question is whether we will put off the medical conference.

The problem is where and how we can find such an expert.

4. 同位語從句

在某些詞后所接的陳述、說明該詞內容的從句為同位語從句。常見的先行詞有idea， fact， news， suggestion， word， hope， doubt等，引導同位語從句詞有that或連接副詞。

The fact that the prisoner was guilty was plain to everyone.

Word came that the general would come to inspect them flood fighting soldiers.

There is no doubt that he is qualified for the job.

They put forward the suggestion that the wounded soldiers should be sent to the back.

三、名詞性從句、定語從句及相互之間的區別

（每A、B為一組，進行比較）

A： The fact that the prisoner was guilty was plain to everyone. （同位語從句、有先行詞）

B： That the prisoner was guilty was plain to everyone. （主語從句、無先行詞）

A： No one knows the fact that he has been abroad. （同位語從句、有先行詞）

B： No one knows that he has been abroad. （賓語從句、無先行詞）

A： My question is the one whether we will put off the medical conference. （同位語從句、有先行詞）

B： My question is whether we will get off the medical conference.（表語從句、無先行詞）

A： This is my question where Lu Xun was born.（同位語從句where表疑問）

B： This is the place where Lu Xun was born.（定語從句where作關系副詞，不表疑問）

提示：同位語從句不用表原因、時間、地點的詞作先行詞。其先行詞往往是能被說明內容的詞。

四、結語：

語法分為詞法和句法，名詞性從句屬于句法的范疇，學習句法要善于比較、善于分析，將句法講得精而且透徹。句法一次性講完或講得太深也是不符合教學規律的。句法要從課文不斷地學習中掌握，循序漸進。