商業生態系統演化中關系的本質和動態性：互補性、資產專用性與權力強度對比

摘 要：參與到一個或多個商業生態系統中去，已經是當今時代大多數企業不得不做出的選擇。過去十年中，學術界已經對商業生態系統進行了充分的概念化，但是對于生態系統中的企業間關系本質及變化的動態性仍然缺乏足夠的研究。生態系統中主導的企業間關系是焦點企業與其生態系統合作伙伴之間的關系，在既往研究的基礎上，文章嘗試確立此類關系的概念邊界，并探究當生態系統演化時，生態系統焦點公司何時、出于何種原因對其合作伙伴進行包絡、收取溢價或維持現狀。研究發現，三個因素共同促成了生態系統的動態變化：資產專用性、互補性與權力強度對比。其中，互補性影響雙方合作的績效，資產專用性維持生態系統參與者的穩定性，權力強度對比影響雙方對剩余價值索取與焦點企業的市場進入行為，三者的結合共同決定生態系統焦點企業的演化行為，從而決定生態演化方向。文末對未來生態系統中企業間關系動態過程的研究進行了展望。

關鍵詞：商業生態系統；企業間關系；資產專用性；互補性

中圖分類號：F270 文獻標志碼：A" " ""文章編號：1005-9679（2024）01-00-09

Nature and Dynamic of Relationships in Business Ecosystem Evolution： Complementarity， Asset Specificity， and Power Comparison

SHEN Fei1 LOU Shuzhen2

（1. Antai College of Economics and Management， Shanghai 200030，China；2. School of Economics and Management，Zhejiang Sci-Tech University，Hangzhou 310018，China）

Abstract：Participating in one or more business ecosystems is a choice that most companies have to make in this day and age. Over the past decade，the business ecosystem has been well conceptualized，but there is still a lack of research on the nature of the relationships between firms in the nature of and dynamics of inter-firm relationships in ecosystem. Building on previous research，this paper attempts to establish the conceptual boundaries of the dominant inter-firm relationship in the ecosystem-the relationship between focal firm and its ecosystem partners-and explores when and for what reasons ecosystem focal companies envelop their partners，charge premiums，or maintain the status quo as ecosystems evolve. It is discovered that three factors work together to contribute to ecosystem dynamics： asset specificity，complementarity，and power comparison. Among them，complementarity affects the performance of coordination between the two parties，asset specificity maintains the stability of ecosystem participants，and power comparison affects the extent of surplus value takeover and market entry behavior of focal firm，and the combination of the three jointly determines the evolution behavior of ecosystem focal firm，thereby determining the direction of ecosystem evolution. At the end of this paper，future researches on the processes of dynamic change of inter-firm relationships in the ecosystem are prospected.

Key Words：business ecosystem；dynamics of inter-firm relationship；asset specificity； complementarity

0 引言

商業生態系統研究在學術文獻中的出現和盛行源于其日益廣泛的業界影響力。有證據表明，對于企業管理者來說，參與生態系統不再是一種選擇，而是一種現實。生態系統理念的興起，源于新世紀以來不斷變化的客戶需求：客戶越來越需要復雜的、多樣的、集成的解決方案，而不僅僅是大規模生產的單一產品。……