考慮擁堵的軸輻式快遞網絡的布局優化與資源均衡研究

摘 要：軸輻式快遞網絡通過整合樞紐間的快遞資源實現了規模經濟，網絡運輸成本也得以降低，但樞紐處的集聚效應也使其成為網絡中最易發生擁堵的節點。構建快遞網絡時，既要優化網絡的基本布局來實現成本控制，也要設計資源均衡策略來緩解網絡的局部擁堵，進一步提高網絡的可靠性。基于此構建一個兩階段決策方法，第一階段考慮運輸成本進行樞紐選址的決策，第二階段實施資源均衡策略來緩解擁堵，利用該兩階段決策模型構建了一個覆蓋我國中東部的軸輻式快遞網絡。研究案例中，資源均衡策略使擁堵樞紐個數降低20%～67%，樞紐資源利用率的方差降低，樞紐整體的資源均衡水平提高。上述案例分析結果驗證了兩階段決策方法的有效性和應用價值。

關鍵詞：快遞網絡優化；軸輻式網絡；資源均衡；網絡擁堵

中圖分類號：F542 文獻標志碼：A" " " ""文章編號：1005-9679（2024）01-00-06

Layout Optimization and Resource Balancing When Considering Congestion on the Hub-and-Spoke Express Network

WANG Yongyi

（School of Economics and Management， Tongji University， Shanghai 200092， China）

Abstract： Hub-and-spoke express networks achieve economies of scale by integrating express resources between hubs，and transportation costs can also be reduced. However，the agglomeration effect at the hub also makes it the most likely congested node in the network. When constructing an express network，it is necessary to optimize the basic layout of the network under cost control and design a resource-balancing strategy to alleviate the regional congestion of the network and further improve the network's reliability. Based on this， a two-phase decision-making method is constructed，where the first phase considers transportation costs for the decision of hub location. The second phase implements a resource-balancing strategy to alleviate congestion. The congested cargo flows are redistributed， and transportation is detoured to hubs with residual resources. A hub-and-spoke express network covering central-eastern China is constructed utilizing the two-stage decision-making model. In the study case，the resource balancing strategy reduces the number of congested hubs by 20%-67%， the variance of the resource utilization of the hubs decreases，and the resource balancing level of the network increases. The above case study results validate the effectiveness and application value of the two-phase decision-making method.

Key words：express network optimization；hub-and-spoke network；resource balancing；network congestion

0 引言

軸輻式快遞網絡是一種基于大型快遞樞紐的運輸系統。樞紐即為網絡的軸點，樞紐向其他快遞節點輻射產生的運輸路線為輻。快遞企業能夠提供高質量的快遞服務得益于高度集約化的快遞樞紐。高效運轉的樞紐中心可以合理組織集散物資，充分利用資源。貨物沿著各個方向流動至樞紐，經過分揀處理再運往下一目的地。經典的軸輻式網絡問題常以最小化成本為目標并對樞紐的選址進行決策。O'Kelly（1986）首次提出軸輻式網絡樞紐p-中值選址問題，而后Aykin（1995）、Cunha（2007）、Jeong（2007）以及 Ghaffari-Nasab（2015）均建立了以最小化期望運營成本為目標的 p-中值樞紐選址模型。……