





摘要:目的" 通過Meta分析探討治療前NLR在接受ICIs治療的NSCLC患者中的預后預測價值。方法" 系統檢索中文數據庫(中國知網、維普、萬方)和英文數據庫(EMbase、PubMed、The Cochrane Library)中自建庫至2022年6月發表的關于治療前NLR與接受ICIs治療的NSCLC患者預后關系的文獻,使用NOS評分量表評價文獻質量,采用STATA 15.0統計軟件進行Meta分析。結果" 最終納入24篇中英文文獻,共2471位患者。接受ICIs治療的患者中高NLR與較短的PFS(HR:1.82,95%CI:1.61~2.05)和較差的OS(HR:2.52,95%CI:2.18~2.90)有關,亞組分析結果與合并結果一致(P<0.001)。結論" 治療前NLR可作為接受ICIs治療的NSCLC患者的潛在預后生物學標志物。
關鍵詞:非小細胞肺癌;中性粒細胞與淋巴細胞比值;免疫檢查點抑制劑
中圖分類號:R734.2" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "文獻標識碼:A" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2024.07.005
文章編號:1006-1959(2024)07-0030-06
Meta-analysis of the Prognostic Value of Pre-treatment NLR in Patients
with Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Treated with ICIs
ZHANG Guan-qing1,LONG Yong1,YU Hai-bin2,ZHAO Chong1,CAO Zong-yu1,SU Yan-he1
(Department of Thoracic Surgery1,Department of Interventional2,the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University,
Zhengzhou 471000,Henan,China)
Abstract:Objective" To explore the prognostic value of pre-treatment NLR in NSCLC patients treated with ICIs by Meta-analysis.Methods" A systematic search of Chinese databases (CNKI, VIP, Wanfang) and English databases (EMbase, PubMed, The Cochrane Library) from the establishment of the database to June 2022 was conducted to retrieve the literature on the relationship between pre-treatment NLR and the prognosis of NSCLC patients treated with ICIs. The NOS score scale was used to evaluate the quality of the literature. STATA 15.0 statistical software was used for meta-analysis.Results" Finally, 24 Chinese and English literatures were included, with a total of 2471 patients. High NLR was associated with shorter PFS (HR:1.82,95%CI:1.61-2.05) and poorer OS (HR:2.52,95%CI:2.18-2.90) in patients treated with ICIs, the results of subgroup analysis were consistent with the combined results (Plt;0.001).Conclusion" NLR before treatment can be used as a potential prognostic biomarker for NSCLC patients treated with ICIs.
Key words:Non-small cell lung cancer;Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio;Immune checkpoint inhibitors
基金項目:河南省2022年科技發展計劃(編號:222102310503)
作者簡介:張冠卿(1996.12-),男,河南南陽人,碩士研究生,主要從事胸部疾病的基礎研究
通訊作者:蘇彥河(1971.7-),男,河南鄭州人,博士,主任醫師,碩士生導師,主要從事肺癌、食管癌、縱膈腫瘤的治療研究
肺癌(lung cancer)是最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,也是癌癥死亡的主要原因,約占全球每年癌癥死亡人數的1/5。其中非小細胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)約占肺部惡性腫瘤的85%,且大多數發現時已處于晚期,預后不佳[1]。近年來,免疫治療發展迅速,并在當前肺癌的治療中發揮著越來越重要的作用。有研究報道顯示PD-L1高表達的晚期NSCLC患者接受免疫檢查點抑制劑(immune checkpoint inhibitors, ICIs)比接受化療的患者獲得更長的PFS、0S和較高的緩解率[2]。但是對于接受PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑治療的患者,并非所有患者都能獲益。因此,迫切需要找到可靠有效的預后生物標志物,以確定最有可能受益于ICIs的非小細胞肺癌患者。在腫瘤形成的背景下,多種證據表明免疫炎癥細胞(中性粒細胞等)能夠促進血管形成、癌癥增殖及侵襲,宿主免疫炎癥狀態在患者的預后中起到重要作用,而中性粒細胞與淋巴細胞比值(neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, NLR)可反映患者免疫炎癥反應水平[3]。相關研究已經證實NLR與泌尿系統癌癥、乳腺癌等之間的預后相關[4-6]。但是關于治療前NLR與接受ICIs治療的NSCLC患者預后關系的相關文獻多為單中心、小樣本研究[7-9],同時研究結論也存在爭議。因此,本研究希望通過對近年發表的關于治療前NLR與接受ICIs治療的非小細胞肺癌患者預后關系的文獻近行Meta分析,以確定治療前NLR與接受ICIs治療的NSCLC患者預后價值之間的關系。
1資料與方法
1.1納入與排除標準" 納入標準:①研究類型為回顧性或前瞻性隊列研究;②病理確診為非小細胞肺癌患者;③接受ICIs單藥治療;④ICIs治療前測定NLR;⑤可直接提取PFS或OS的風險比(HR)及95%可信區間(95%CI)相關數據。排除標準:①重復發表、綜述、會議摘要等;②同時接受其他治療方案、低質量、與題意不符的文獻;③僅研究接受ICIs治療后的NLR。
1.2文獻檢索" 檢索在中國知網、維普、萬方、EMbase、PubMed、The Cochrane Library等數據庫上發表的關于治療前NLR與接受ICIs治療的NSCLC患者預后關系的文獻,檢索時限為建庫至2022年6月。為了檢索得更加全面,不對檢索條件設置過多限制,同時對所檢索文獻的參考文獻進行查閱。中文檢索詞:中性粒細胞淋巴細胞比值、中性粒細胞與淋巴細胞比值、中性粒細胞與淋巴細胞比率、中性粒細胞/淋巴細胞比率、肺癌、肺惡性腫瘤、非小細胞肺癌等。英文檢索詞:NLR、neutrophil lymphocyte ratio、neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio、neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio、lung cancer、lung tumor、NSCLC、non small-cell lung cancer等。
1.3質量評價及數據提取" 由2名研究員分別通過閱讀全文等方式對文章的質量各自做出判斷。納入的研究通過紐卡斯爾-渥太華量表(NOS)進行評分,主要包括研究人群選擇、組間可比性、結果測量3個方面,得分6分以上為高質量。通過閱讀全文對文章的關鍵信息進行提取,所提取的數據包括第一作者、發表時間、國家、平均隨訪時間、研究類型、樣本量、平均年齡、治療方案、NLR截斷值等。若同時報告單因素及多因素分析結果,則僅提取多因素分析結果。若文章質量評價、數據提取方面存在爭議,則由其他研究人員進行分析,最終共同協商討論解決。
1.4統計學方法" 利用STATA 15.0統計軟件進行Meta分析,對生存資料將效應量定為相對危險比(hazard ratio, HR)值及95%CI來評估治療前NLR與接受ICIs治療的NSCLC患者的預后關系。I2值作為研究間異質性檢驗標準,若各研究間異質性較小(I2≤50%),則采用固定效應模型,反之則采用隨機效應模型,通過敏感度分析來評價研究的可靠度。采用Egger法進行發表偏倚評價,P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2結果
2.1文獻篩選結果、質量評價及基本特征" 初步檢索到2622篇文獻,根據納入及排除標準最終納入24篇文獻,共2471位患者,見圖1,其中4篇為前瞻性隊列研究,其余均為回顧性隊列研究。NLR臨界值范圍為3~6.4,中位數為5;NOS量表評分最低為6分,最高分為8分。納入文獻的質量評價及基本資料見表1。
2.2 Meta分析結果
2.2.1 NLR對接受ICIs治療患者的PFS和OS的影響" 共16篇研究報道了NLR與PFS之間的關系,各研究間不存在明顯異質性(I2=0,P=0.712),采用固定效應模型進行分析,發現治療前高NLR與較短的PFS有關(HR:1.82,95%CI:1.61~2.05,P<0.001),見圖2A。共19篇研究報道了NLR與OS之間的關系,各研究間不存在明顯異質性(I2=9.6%,P=0.338),采用固定效應模型進行分析,發現治療前高NLR與較差的OS有關(HR:2.52,95%CI:2.18~2.90,P<0.001),見圖2B。
2.2.2亞組分析" 按照國家、樣本量、截斷值、單因素及多因素分析進行亞組分析顯示,治療前高NLR與較短的PFS和較差的OS相關的結論在亞洲國家、歐美國家、樣本量≤100、樣本量>100、截斷值≥5、截斷值<5以及單多因素分析亞組中仍然成立,見表2。
2.3發表偏倚檢測" 采用Egger法對納入指標進行發表偏倚檢測,發現ICIs組中NLR與PFS(t=2.15,P=0.049)可能存在發表偏倚,見圖3。同時運用減補法對ICIs組中NLR與PFS進行分析,合并后的效應量變化不大,提示發表偏倚的存在并未對結論產生太大影響,提示該結論穩定可靠。
3討論
某些生物標志物,如程序性細胞死亡配體1(PD-L1)、腫瘤突變負荷(TMB)、DNA損傷應答(DDR)基因、基因表達譜(GEP)等,可反映腫瘤免疫微環境,目前研究顯示這些生物指標可能與癌癥患者預后存在相關性[32]。然而,這些生物標志物的檢測在很大程度上取決于腫瘤組織的充足性,并且操作復雜、經濟成本較高。因此臨床工作中急需一種非侵入性、較為廉價、便捷的預后生物標志物。從理論上講,中性粒細胞增多代表著全身炎性反應細胞和淋巴細胞浸潤減少,淋巴細胞減少反映了細胞介導的免疫反應受損,NLR不僅是炎性反應和腫瘤免疫反應的指標,也反映了局部中性粒細胞和淋巴細胞浸潤的程度,因此推測NLR與腫瘤患者預后相關。
本研究納入24篇研究,共計2471例接受ICIs治療的患者,結果顯示治療前高NLR與較短的PFS和較差的OS存在相關性。亞組分析顯示,治療前高NLR在亞裔和歐美裔患者中仍存在預后價值,同時本研究仍無法確定NLR最佳臨界值,NLR Cutoff值亞組分析結果無區別。既往Cao D等[33]研究顯示,對于接受ICIs治療的肺癌患者,治療前高NLR與較短的PFS和較差的OS有關,并將5作為NLR的推薦臨界值,NLR≥5與患者較差的PFS和OS更具相關性。同時,對于亞裔患者,治療前NLR的高低與PFS之間不存在相關性。經閱讀全文發現,Cao D等研究僅納入14篇研究,納入研究數量有限且部分質量較低,患者主要接受Nivolumb治療,亞裔組僅含3篇研究,推測以上可能為該研究偏倚產生的原因。
目前關于NLR與癌癥患者預后關系的生物學機制還不完全清楚。目前相關研究表示中性粒細胞分泌粒細胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)激活癌細胞,同時癌細胞也可產生G-CSF,作用于中性粒細胞促進其數量增加,并誘導中性粒細胞上PD-L1表達,中性粒細胞表面的PD-L1與T細胞上的PD-1結合抑制T細胞增殖和細胞毒活性,這可能有利于腫瘤免疫逃逸和惡性生長,最終導致癌癥患者生存率降低,因此中性粒細胞與腫瘤細胞存在相互增強的關系[34]。中性粒細胞會促進多種炎性因子的分泌,如中性粒彈性蛋白酶、基質金屬蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)、白介素6、腫瘤壞死因子等,可以促進癌細胞增殖、釋放和轉移并抑制腫瘤細胞凋亡,同時也能使細胞外基質(ECM)分泌血管內皮生長因子(VEGF)驅動腫瘤血管生成[35]。中性粒細胞導致癌癥患者不良預后的另一個重要解釋是,中性粒細胞可以調節細胞毒性T細胞的抗腫瘤作用,抑制T細胞受體表達和抗原特異反應,幫助癌細胞逃逸,同時也可誘導CD8+T細胞凋亡,抑制抗腫瘤免疫。淋巴細胞在抗腫瘤免疫中起著至關重要的作用,細胞毒性CD8+T淋巴細胞和CD4+T細胞是抗腫瘤免疫反應的主要參與者,可以分泌腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)、穿孔素、IL10等介導細胞免疫,殺死或促進癌細胞凋亡[36]。
本研究存在一定的局限性:①所納入的研究大部分為回顧性研究,前瞻性研究較少;②部分結局指標存在發表偏倚,可能原因為陽性結果相較于陰性結果更容易發表;③納入研究中NLR的臨界值不盡相同,仍無法確定NLR評估非小細胞肺癌患者預后的最佳值,下一步需要進行前瞻性的研究來統一NLR的臨界值;④納入研究的基線特征各不相同,這可能是部分結局指標異質性的來源。
綜上所述,治療前NLR可作為接受ICIs治療的非小細胞肺癌患者的潛在預后生物學標志物。NLR作為一種便宜且容易獲得的生物標志物,可能有助于在接受治療之前對患者進行評估,為晚期非小細胞肺癌患者的個體化治療提供指導,把能夠從ICIs治療方案中獲益的人群篩選出來。未來,治療前NLR能否作為接受ICIs治療患者的分層因素,仍需大規模、多中心的前瞻性研究進一步評估。
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收稿日期:2022-10-26;修回日期:2023-05-02
編輯/王萌