






[摘"要]目的"探討剖宮產后陰道試產(TOLAC)在無陰道分娩史的婦女早產中的應用。方法"回顧性納入2018年1月至2022年6月在本院接受TOLAC的無陰道分娩史且因早產住院的116名孕婦。根據TOLAC是否成功將研究對象分為TOLAC成功組(n=89)和TOLAC失敗組(n=27)。采用最小絕對收縮和選擇算子(LASSO)回歸篩選TOLAC成功率相關變量,并構建TOLAC成功率預測模型,采用一致性指數(C-index)對預測模型進行內部驗證。結果"TOLAC成功組及TOLAC失敗組的入院時宮頸擴張、入院時宮頸消失、破膜時間比較差異均有統計學意義(t=3.382、3.377、2.027,P<0.05),兩組間的入院時硬膜外鎮痛、Bishop評分<4、引產、胎膜早破、催產素給藥比例比較差異均有統計學意義(χ2值分別為3.517、8.024、14.111、6.570、4.038,P<0.05)。共納入9個變量(入院時宮頸擴張、入院時宮頸消失、硬膜外鎮痛、Bishop評分<4、引產、胎膜早破、破膜時間、催產素給藥、分娩時宮頸擴張)用于LASSO回歸篩選TOLAC成功率預測變量。應用列線圖顯示TOLAC成功率模型的預測因子:入院時宮頸擴張(OR=1.11,95%CI:1.04~1.19,P=0.003),引產(OR=0.89,95%CI:0.79~1.00,P=0.049),催產素給藥(OR=0.71,95%CI:0.58~0.88,P=0.002),胎膜早破(OR=3.27,95%CI:2.49~4.45,P<0.001),Bishop評分<4(OR=0.33,95%CI:0.17~0.62,P=0.001)和硬膜外麻醉(OR=2.92,95%CI:1.42~6.48,P=0.005)。內部驗證的結果顯示以C指數衡量的TOLAC成功率的預測準確性為0.89。結論"該模型對無陰道分娩史的早產婦女是否可行剖宮產后陰道試產的評估,有一定指導意義。
[關鍵詞]剖宮產后陰道試產;陰道分娩;早產;預測因子
Doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5293.2024.10.03
[中圖分類號]R173""""[文獻標識碼]A
[文章編號]1673-5293(2024)10-0014-07
Application of trial of labor after cesarean in preterm women without a history of vaginal delivery
BAI Lingli,REN Yongbian,WANG Juan
(1.The Third Obstetrics Ward of the Affiliated Hospital of Yan′an University,ShaanXi Yan′an 716000 China;
2.The Second Obstetrics Ward of the Affiliated Hospital of Yan′an University,ShaanXi Yan′an 716000 China)
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the application of trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC) in preterm women without a history of vaginal delivery history. Methods A total of 116 pregnant women without a history of vaginal delivery who were hospitalized due to preterm labor and underwent TOLAC at our hospital between January 2018 and June 2022 were retrospectively included.Based on whether TOLAC was successful,the subjects were divided into TOLAC success group (n=89) and TOLAC failure group (n=27).The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was used to screen variables related to TOLAC success rate,and a prediction model for TOLAC success rate was constructed.The concordance index (C-index) was used for internal validation of the prediction model. Results There were statistically significant differences between the TOLAC success group and the TOLAC failure group in terms of cervical dilation at admission,cervical effacement at admission and membrane rupture time (t=3.382,3.377 and 2.027,respectively,P<0.05).There were statistically significant differences between the two groups in the rates of epidural analgesia at admission,Bishop score<4,induction of labor,premature rupture of membranes and oxytocin administration (χ2=3.517,8.024,14.111,6.570 and 4.038,respectively,P<0.05).A total of 9 variables (cervical dilatation at admission,cervical effacement at admission,epidural analgesia,Bishop score<4,induction of labor,premature rupture of membranes,membrane rupture time,oxytocin administration,and cervical dilation at delivery) were included for LASSO regression to screen predictive variables for the TOLAC success rate.A nomogram was used to display the predictive factors in the TOLAC success rate model,including cervical dilation at admission (OR=1.11,95%CI:1.04-1.19,P=0.003),induction of labor (OR=0.89,95%CI:0.79-1.00,P=0.049),oxytocin administration (OR=0.71,95%CI:0.58-0.88,P=0.002),premature rupture of membranes (OR=3.27,95%CI:2.49-4.45,P=0.001),Bishop score<4 (OR=0.33,95%CI:0.17-0.62,P=0.001) and epidural anesthesia (OR=2.92,95%CI:1.42-6.48,P=0.005).The results of internal validation showed that the predictive accuracy of TOLAC success,as measured by the C-index,was 0.89. Conclusion This model has certain guiding value for evaluating the feasibility of trial of labor after cesarean preterm women without a history of vaginal delivery.
[Key words] trial of labor after cesarean;vaginal delivery;preterm birth;predictor
剖宮產后陰道試產(trial of labor after cesarean,TOLAC)可以降低重復擇期剖宮產(cesarean deliv-eries,CD)的發生率[1]。此前有研究表明,CD可能與此后妊娠的早產風險增加有關[2],而早產是常見的妊娠并發癥,超12%的母兒結局受早產影響[3]。有研究表明,在一般情況下,TOLAC被認為是安全的,且在大多數臨床情況下均可使用,但TOLAC失敗可能會導致不良的母兒結局[4]。因此,提前評估早產孕婦是否可行TOLAC是至關重要的。此前已有研究探討TOLAC成功的決定因素[5]然而,大部分研究主要關注足月產結果,關于早產孕婦TOLAC成功的相關因素研究較少。因此,本研究旨在確定在無陰道分娩史的早產婦女中TOLAC成功的預測因子。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料
回顧性收集2018年1月至2022年6月在本院接受TOLAC的無陰道分娩史且因早產住院的孕婦共138名。研究期間的所有分娩數據均在電子健康記錄中進行核查。
本研究的納入標準為:①在240/7和366/7孕周之間接受TOLAC和單胎妊娠;②既往有低橫向CD史且無陰道分娩史;③上次剖宮產指征在本次臨產前未再次出現,如胎位異常、前置胎盤、羊水過少、重度先兆子癇、胎盤早剝、雙胎妊娠等。排除標準為:①TOLAC入院前宮內胎兒死亡和多胎妊娠;②有兩次或兩次以上剖宮產史;③有經典剖宮產疤痕或先前出現子宮破裂;④有其他絕對禁忌癥。最終符合標準的研究對象共116名,將研究對象分為兩組:TOLAC成功組和TOLAC失敗組。本研究已通過倫理委員會審核批準(倫理號:S-S20240076號)。
1.2數據收集
收集孕婦基本信息及相關臨床信息,包括年齡、分娩前體重指數(body mass index,BMI)、妊娠期高血壓及妊娠期糖尿病患病情況等;此前CD相關變量,包括分娩時胎齡、CD時宮頸擴張情況等;本次分娩相關變量,包括早產胎膜早破、分娩胎齡、分娩方式、催產素和硬膜外給藥等;孕產婦結局相關變量,包括子宮破裂和產后出血;新生兒特征和結局變量,包括出生體重和Apgar評分。根據美國婦產科學院(American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists,ACOG)診斷標準,將妊娠期高血壓和先兆子癇合并為妊娠期高血壓疾病[6]。根據美國糖尿病協會標準[7]定義妊娠期糖尿病。產后出血定義為經陰道分娩估計失血>500mL,經CD估計失血>1 000mL,或在分娩期間或分娩后輸血[8]。
1.3研究結局
主要結局為TOLAC的成功率。次要結局為孕產婦及新生兒結局。孕產婦結局包括子宮破裂和產后出血,新生兒結局特征包括出生體重、新生兒窒息(定義為5分鐘Apgar評分≤7)。
1.4統計分析
采用SPSS 25.0統計軟件及R軟件(V3.6.2)進行數據分析。計數資料采用例數(n)和百分比(%)表示,采用卡方檢驗進行組間比較;符合正態分布的計量資料采用均數±標準差(x-±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗,P<0.05表示差異有統計學意義。采用最小絕對收縮和選擇算子(least absolute shrinkage and selection operator,LASSO)回歸算法篩選TOLAC成功率相關預測變量,采用列線圖展示TOLAC成功率預測模型,采用一致性指數(concordance index,C-index)對預測模型進行內部驗證。
2結果
2.1研究對象的一般特征比較
本研究共納入116名孕婦,根據TOLAC是否成功將孕婦分為兩組,包括TOLAC成功組(n=89)及TOLAC失敗組(n=27)。不同組入院時宮頸擴張、入院時宮頸消失、破膜時間比較差異均有統計學意義(t=3.382、3.377、2.027,P<0.05),不同組入院時硬膜外鎮痛、Bishop評分<4、引產、胎膜早破、催產素給藥比例比較差異均有統計學意義(χ2值分別為3.517、8.024、14.111、6.570、4.038,P<0.05),見表1。
2.2 TOLAC成功的預測因素
對影響TOLAC成功率的9個變量應用LASSO回歸進行變量篩選,9個變量分別是入院時宮頸擴張、入院時宮頸消失、硬膜外鎮痛、Bishop評分<4、引產、胎膜早破、破膜時間、催產素給藥、分娩時宮頸擴張,見圖1。
分別使用Lasso(RL)、信息增益(IG)、ReliefF(RF)和Kruskal-Wallis秩和檢驗(KW)方法測試以上變量,隨著選擇變量的數量增加,預測TOLAC成功率的準確度將增大,見圖2。
經LASSO回歸模型所篩選的變量應用于列線圖中,包括:入院時宮頸擴張(OR=1.11,95%CI:1.04~1.19,P=0.003),引產(OR=0.89,95%CI:0.79~1.00,P=0.049),催產素給藥(OR=0.71,95%CI:0.58~0.88,P=0.002),胎膜早破(OR=3.27,95%CI:2.49~4.45,P<0.001),Bishop評分<4(OR=0.33,95%CI:0.17~0.62,P=0.001)和硬膜外麻醉(OR=2.92,95%CI:1.42~6.48,P=0.005),見表2及圖3。
2.3列線圖驗證
內部驗證的結果顯示,以C指數衡量的TOLAC成功率的預測準確性為0.89。TOLAC成功率的校準圖顯示實際結果與列線圖預測結果之間相關性較強,見圖4。
2.4新生兒和孕產婦結局
在新生兒結局的比較中,TOLAC成功組與TOLAC失敗組的新生兒出生體重比較差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),兩組的TOLAC出生體重高于前次分娩出生體重、1分鐘Apgar<5和5分鐘Apgar<7比例比較差異均無統計學意義(P>0.05)。在孕產婦結局的比較中,無子宮破裂病例且僅1例產后出血,組間差異無法比較,見表3。
3討論
3.1早產與TOLAC成功率
本研究共納入無陰道分娩史的早產孕婦116例,共27例孕婦TOLAC失敗并接受剖宮產,TOLAC失敗率為23.3%,高于He等[9]報告的15.8%。此前有研究比較早產和足月分娩的TOLAC情況,得出早產孕婦中TOLAC成功率高于足月分娩的TOLAC成功率[10]。該研究結果與本研究不一致,可能的原因是該研究的參與者中有一半孕婦有陰道分娩史,且未考慮早產相關因素如胎膜早破等[10]。也有研究顯示在早產和足月妊娠婦女之間TOLAC成功率無差異[11]。本研究中TOLAC失敗率較高可能與本研究排除了有陰道分娩史且發生早產的女性有關,且產科醫生更傾向于在TOLAC期間采用更保守的方法如重復剖宮產以降低子宮破裂或新生兒窒息的不良結局的發生風險。
3.2 Bishop評分與TOLAC成功率
本研究結果顯示Bishop評分<4與TOLAC成功相關。Sulaiman等[12]的研究結果顯示入院時低Bishop評分與剖宮產風險增加有關。此外也有研究顯示分娩時Bishop評分會影響TOLAC的成功率[13],良好的宮頸狀況與剖宮產后陰道分娩(vaginal birth after cesarean,VBAC)成功有關[14]。本研究與此前研究結果一致,提示Bishop評分是TOLAC成功相關的重要因素。
3.3胎膜早破與TOLAC成功率
本研究結果顯示胎膜早破與TOLAC成功呈負相關關系。近期有研究表明胎膜早破是與TOLAC成功相關的唯一重要因素[15-16],其研究對象均為足月妊娠婦女,且僅納入了引產等部分妊娠相關因素,與本研究的研究方法存在差異。胎膜早破與TOLAC成功存在負相關關系,可能的解釋是胎膜早破導致羊水過少,分娩時出現異常胎兒心率模式的可能性較高,增加了剖宮產的可能性,且在胎膜早破妊娠中,醫生對TOLAC的選擇性可能較低[17]。
3.4硬膜外麻醉、引產和催產素的使用與TOLAC成功率
本研究結果顯示硬膜外鎮痛、引產、催產素給藥與TOLAC成功相關。此前也有研究結果提示硬膜外給藥與TOLAC的成功相關[18]。但硬膜外麻醉是否是TOLAC成功的可變預測因子尚未達成共識[19]。此外,在本研究中無子宮破裂的病例,可能與相關指南提示的胎兒較低出生體重與TOLAC成功呈正相關的觀點有關[19-20]。
綜上所述,本研究基于列線圖確定了TOLAC成功率的預測因子,并通過內部驗證確定模型的準確性,該模型對無陰道分娩史的早產婦女是否可行TOLAC的評估有一定指導意義。在未來,應進一步擴大樣本量探索TOLAC的臨床應用。
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[專業責任編輯:李"力]
[中文編輯:馮佳圓;英文編輯:劉昕田]