Differential Diagnosis Value of Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound in Benign and Malignant Thyroid Micronodules of TI-RADS 4 Type/ZHANG Xuan, LI Zhirong, LIU Meihui.//Medical Innovation of China, 2025,22(12): 123-127
[Abstract]Objective: To explore differential diagnosis value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in benign and malignant thyroid micronodules of thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TI-RADS) 4 type.Method:A retrospective analysis method wasadopted.Atotalof100patients (118 nodules)withthyroid micronodulesclassfied
① 上饒市人民醫(yī)院超聲醫(yī)學科江西上饒334000 通信作者:張旋
as TI-RADS 4 type by conventional ultrasound examination,who were admitted to Shangrao People's Hospital from January2020 to January 2023were selected, and all patients underwent CEUS examination.Using cytological examination results as the gold standard, benign nodules were included in the benign group ( n =69) and malignant nodules were included in the malignant group ( n =49).The CEUS parameters (rise time, time to peak and mean transition time)of thetwo groups werecompared,and thevalue of CEUS indifferential diagnosis of benign and malignant TI-RADS type 4 thyroid micronodules was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Result:Therisetime,timeto peak and mean transition time of the malignant groupwere shorter than those of the benign group, the differences were statistically significant ( P lt;0.05). The area under the curve of the combination of rise time, timetopeak and mean transition time in thediagnosis of thyroidmalignant micronodules was higherthan that of singledetection (P
[Key words] Tyroid micronodules Contrast-enhanced ultrasound Thyroid imaging reporting and data system
First-author's address: Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Shangrao People's Hospital, Shangrac 334000, China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2025.12.030
甲狀腺癌是頭頸部常見惡性腫瘤,甲狀腺微小癌是甲狀腺癌的一種特定分類,指腫瘤直徑在 10mm 以下。甲狀腺微小癌在臨床表現(xiàn)上往往較為隱匿,大多數(shù)患者癥狀并不明顯,通常是在常規(guī)體檢中偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié),進而診斷出甲狀腺微小癌[2-3]。近年來,隨著醫(yī)療技術(shù)的進步,甲狀腺影像報告和數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)(TI-RADS)在臨床實踐中得到了廣泛應(yīng)用,這在很大程度上提高了超聲技術(shù)對甲狀腺微小結(jié)節(jié)的檢出率[4-5]。超聲造影(CEUS)技術(shù)的診斷依據(jù)主要源于良惡性結(jié)節(jié)微血管在解剖結(jié)構(gòu)、空間分布及病理組織變化上存在的差異,導致其造影后增強模式不同。因此,本研究以細胞學檢查結(jié)果為金標準,分析CEUS對TI-RADS4類甲狀腺微小結(jié)節(jié)良惡性的鑒別診斷價值。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料
回顧性分析2020年1月—2023年1月上饒市人民醫(yī)院收治的100例(118個結(jié)節(jié))TI-RADS4類甲狀腺微小結(jié)節(jié)患者。(1)納人標準: ① 進行細針穿刺抽吸術(shù)(FNA)細胞學檢查; ② 有完整的CEUS檢查結(jié)果; ③ 常規(guī)超聲診斷為TI-RADS4類結(jié)節(jié)。(2)排除標準: ① 合并糖尿病等內(nèi)分泌疾??; ② 有腫瘤疾病治療史; ③ 存在心、肺功能嚴重障礙;④ 對造影劑過敏; ⑤ 年齡 ?18 歲或 ?70 歲。男37例,女63例,平均年齡( 46.71±11.59 )歲,單發(fā)結(jié)節(jié)85例,多發(fā)結(jié)節(jié)15例。本研究經(jīng)上饒市人民醫(yī)院醫(yī)學倫理委員會批準。
1.2 方法
患者先行常規(guī)超聲(邁瑞Resona7彩色多普勒超聲診斷儀)檢查觀察目標結(jié)節(jié),探頭為L14-5WU,頻率為 5~14MHz ,機械指數(shù)為 0.06~0.08 。根據(jù)結(jié)節(jié)的清晰程度、形態(tài)特征等選定適當?shù)挠跋窈?,將其切換到超聲造影模式與雙幅顯示模式,焦點置于結(jié)節(jié)后方。使用 5mL 生理鹽水稀釋造影劑六氟化硫微泡( Sono Vue,意大利Bracco公司),抽取1.4~2.0mL 快速注人肘靜脈,注射完畢立即用 5mL 生理鹽水沖管。啟動造影動態(tài)錄制和時間記錄器,監(jiān)測 1.5min ,并記錄造影圖像,采集定量參數(shù)上升時間、達峰時間及平均渡越時間。彈性評分:病灶區(qū)域及周邊組織呈均勻分布綠色為1分;病灶中心區(qū)域顯現(xiàn)藍色,周邊組織為綠色為2分;病灶區(qū)域內(nèi)藍色與綠色占比相近為3分;病灶區(qū)域整體呈現(xiàn)藍色,邊緣伴有少量綠色為4分;病灶區(qū)域及其周邊組織均呈藍色為5分。1~3分為良性結(jié)節(jié),4、5分為惡性結(jié)節(jié)。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學處理
統(tǒng)計學軟件為SPSS17.0。正態(tài)分布計量資料用( )表示,比較采用 t 檢驗;通過受試者操作特征(ROC)曲線及曲線下面積(AUC)分析TI-RADS4類甲狀腺微小結(jié)節(jié)應(yīng)用CEUS行良惡性鑒別的診斷價值。 Plt;0.05 提示差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1 典型病例
病例1:患者,男,年齡43歲,診斷為惡性結(jié)節(jié)。常規(guī)超聲檢查:甲狀腺上極背側(cè)可見低回聲結(jié)節(jié),呈“直立”狀,大小約 4:mm×4.7:mm ,邊界稍毛糙,形態(tài)欠規(guī)則,內(nèi)可見微鈣化;右側(cè)甲狀腺上極背側(cè)“直立”狀低回聲結(jié)節(jié)伴微鈣化。CEUS檢查:彈性評分4分;經(jīng)肘靜脈注人造影劑后,動脈期可見向心性不均勻性低增強,增強時間晚于甲狀腺實質(zhì),程度低于甲狀腺實質(zhì),邊界欠清,消退時間早于甲狀腺組。見圖1。
a—甲狀腺上極結(jié)節(jié),形態(tài)欠規(guī)則伴鈣化;b一右側(cè)甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)低回聲伴微鈣化,硬度較高;c一注入造影劑后示心性不均勻性低增強。
病例2:患者,女,年齡48歲,診斷為惡性結(jié)節(jié)。常規(guī)超聲檢查:左側(cè)甲狀腺下極可見低回聲結(jié)節(jié),大小約 5.1mm×4.1mm ,邊界欠清,內(nèi)可見簇狀微鈣化;左側(cè)甲狀腺下極低回聲結(jié)節(jié)伴簇狀微鈣化。CEUS檢查:彈性評分4分;經(jīng)肘靜脈注入造影劑后,動脈期可見不均勻性低增強,增強時間晚于甲狀腺實質(zhì),程度低于甲狀腺實質(zhì),邊界欠清,消退時間早于甲狀腺組織。見圖2。
d—左側(cè)甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)呈簇狀鈣化,邊界模糊;e一左側(cè)甲狀腺下級結(jié)節(jié)伴簇狀微鈣化,硬度較高;f一注入造影劑后示不均勻性低增強。
2.2 兩組CEUS參數(shù)比較
以FNA細胞學檢查結(jié)果作為金標準,良性結(jié)節(jié)69個,納入良性組,惡性結(jié)節(jié)49個,納入惡性組。惡性組上升時間、達峰時間及平均渡越時間均短于良性組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義( Plt;0.05 ,見表1。
上升時間、達峰時間、平均渡越時間聯(lián)合診斷甲狀腺惡性微小結(jié)節(jié)的AUC為0.805,大于上升時間、達峰時間、平均渡越時間的0.690、0.677、0.730( Plt;0.05 )。見表2、圖3。
甲狀腺微小癌的病理成分復雜,由于其具有隱匿性,早期微小的良惡性結(jié)節(jié)無較大差異,因而在超聲圖像表現(xiàn)上有重疊,導致TI-RADS4類良惡性結(jié)節(jié)并存或多發(fā)結(jié)節(jié)時,常規(guī)超聲對其鑒別存在較大困難[7-9。結(jié)節(jié)形態(tài)、大小、回聲及鈣化等情況是超聲鑒別診斷甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)良惡性的主要觀察內(nèi)容,但運用常規(guī)超聲檢查,可能出現(xiàn)異病同圖或同病異圖情況,從而出現(xiàn)對甲狀腺惡性結(jié)節(jié)的漏診、誤診現(xiàn)象[10-12]。CEUS 以其純血池顯像的特點,有效彌補了常規(guī)超聲在診斷上的不足,且更客觀地反映結(jié)節(jié)情況,具有可重復性高的優(yōu)點[13-15]
CEUS使用造影劑主要有兩個優(yōu)點:其一,造影劑能夠增強超聲圖像中的血流信號,使得甲狀腺微小結(jié)節(jié)的血管結(jié)構(gòu)更加清晰,提升超聲圖像質(zhì)量;
其二,CEUS可以動態(tài)觀察甲狀腺微小結(jié)節(jié)不同時相的血流灌注變化,實時觀測結(jié)節(jié)內(nèi)血流灌注情況[16-18]。良性結(jié)節(jié)的生長通常較為緩慢,且不會擴散到其他部位,其血管結(jié)構(gòu)相對規(guī)則和完整,因此在CEUS的觀察下,良性結(jié)節(jié)通常呈現(xiàn)出慢進(增強時間晚于周圍甲狀腺組織)均勻性增強,邊界清晰可見9。惡性結(jié)節(jié)通常生長迅速,從而導致內(nèi)部血管結(jié)構(gòu)混亂,但由于新生血管豐富,通常血流阻力小、流速快,造影劑在結(jié)節(jié)內(nèi)分布不均勻,且代謝速度快,多表現(xiàn)為快進快退,增強程度低于周圍甲狀腺組織。因此在CEUS的觀察下,惡性結(jié)節(jié)通常呈現(xiàn)出慢進、不均勻性和向心性的增強特征,達峰時呈等增強或地增強,增強后結(jié)節(jié)變小,邊界不明確,結(jié)節(jié)周圍無環(huán)狀增強[20]。閆曉等[2研究指出,甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)良惡性與血流灌注有一定關(guān)聯(lián)。本研究結(jié)果顯示,惡性組上升時間、達峰時間及平均渡越時間均短于良性組。分析其原因,可能是因為甲狀腺惡性結(jié)節(jié)周圍新生血管形成多有關(guān),因而以上時間縮短。
綜上所述,TI-RADS4類甲狀腺微小結(jié)節(jié)應(yīng)用CEUS檢查可提高惡性鑒別的診斷效能。本研究尚存在不足之處,如樣本量較少,未對更多CEUS檢查參數(shù)進行分析,如最大灌注強度等。
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(收稿日期:2024-08-21)(本文編輯:陳韻)