英語(yǔ)短文寫(xiě)作技巧

寫(xiě)好一篇短文，需要幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵步驟：審題、編寫(xiě)提綱、成文寫(xiě)作。短文寫(xiě)作要從每個(gè)基本步驟扎實(shí)練起，方能水到渠成。短文寫(xiě)作步驟技巧常用連詞專業(yè)英語(yǔ)考試常見(jiàn)命題作文，要想寫(xiě)好一篇短文，需要幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵步驟：審題、編寫(xiě)提綱與成文寫(xiě)作。

一、審題

即按題目指定內(nèi)容范圍確定中心思想，采用恰當(dāng)文體，在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)完成作文。例如，文題“TV：a good thing or a bad thing”，先抓關(guān)鍵詞——TV，再考慮如何圍繞其展開(kāi)議論，闡明看法；另從題目看，文體應(yīng)屬議論文。確定這兩點(diǎn)，頭腦中便形成明確框架，不致走題或不知如何闡述觀點(diǎn)。

二、編寫(xiě)提綱

寫(xiě)提綱，就是為了安排好文章層次和段落，確定選材，邏輯系統(tǒng)地組織文章，更有效地表達(dá)所思所想。如果是議論文，提綱中心需包括論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和結(jié)論三部分。例如：

Topic：Should older people live with their adult children？

Central idea： It is a good practice for older people to live with their adult children.

Supporting ideas：

1）Older people and their adult children can get comfort and help from oneanother.

2）Housing problems can partially solved.

3）Living expenses can be reduced.

Conclusion： Older people are expected to live with their adult children for their own as well as their children’s sake.

三、成文寫(xiě)作

短文寫(xiě)作要從每個(gè)基本步驟扎實(shí)練起，方能水到渠成。下面從句、段、篇章分別談?wù)剬?xiě)作技巧。

1.句

句子是構(gòu)成段落的基礎(chǔ)；成功段落一般包含三種句子：主題句、展開(kāi)句和結(jié)論句。

a.主題句。提示或說(shuō)明段落主題的句子叫主題句，特點(diǎn)是句式簡(jiǎn)潔，中心突出，具有概括性，且一次只能表達(dá)一個(gè)議題。沒(méi)有主題句，段落就缺少中心，段落意義也含糊不清。下面是題為Career Change in Middle -life的文章中的四個(gè)主題句，哪一個(gè)更為合適？

1）I had always wanted to change my career.

2）At my fortieth birthday， I made a career decision that I have made when I was twenty.

3）Every day I dreaded going to work.

4）My present job was giving me ulcers.

不難看出2）是正確答案，而3）、4）太具體，1）沒(méi)提換工作，只是可能要換。句1）、3）、4）可作其他段落而非全文主題句。

b.展開(kāi)句。其功能為支持主題句所陳述的思想觀點(diǎn)，這類句子給出各種細(xì)節(jié)或例證，以闡述或證明主題的各個(gè)方面。

c.結(jié)論句。概括、總結(jié)性的句子，一般具有概括性、啟迪性等特點(diǎn)，是對(duì)段落主題的總結(jié)。其最佳形式是主題句別具一格、匠心獨(dú)運(yùn)的翻版，從而合乎邏輯、順理成章地結(jié)束全文。

2.段

篇章不論長(zhǎng)短須分成若干段落，并圍繞中心議題相互緊密連接。段落與篇章的關(guān)系既緊密相依又獨(dú)立成體，段落包括起始段、論述段、結(jié)尾段。

a.起始段。要告訴讀者想闡述的觀點(diǎn)，一般來(lái)說(shuō)不宜太長(zhǎng)，言簡(jiǎn)意賅、直接了當(dāng)為好。主要可采用設(shè)問(wèn)法、質(zhì)疑法。

1）設(shè)問(wèn)法，要增加文章感染力，直接切入主題，可采用直接提問(wèn)的方法。如題為 Good Health的文章可以這樣開(kāi)頭：Why is good health necessary to happiness and success？

2）質(zhì)疑法，是對(duì)某些或大多數(shù)人的觀點(diǎn)提出疑問(wèn)，從而道出自己的看法。例如：

Although most persons believe that males are physically stronger than females， this belief is not based on fact. Studies have shown that females have a biological precocity that is evident from birth onward. The skeletal development of girls is superior to that of boys at birth， and this physical superiority continues until maturity.

這段文章用科研成果說(shuō)明，男人比女人結(jié)實(shí)的觀點(diǎn)是錯(cuò)誤的。

b.論述段，是圍繞論點(diǎn)展開(kāi)論述的段落。要使論述有說(shuō)服力，可采用以下方法：用事例發(fā)展主題句；用比較—對(duì)比法發(fā)展主題句。

1）事例法，也稱列舉法，常用連詞有：first， second， third或 For one thing…for another等。如：Looking forward to the decade of 1980’s，one wonders what personal qualities will be needed for success. Possibly the four most essential attributes are：flexibility， honesty， creativity， and perseverance.First， our rapidly changing society requires flexibility—the ability to adapt oneself to readily to new ideas and experiences.Next，honesty， the capacity both to tell and to face the truth courageously， will be important in all aspects of personal and public relations. In addition， creativity will be required to meet the constantly changing world around us.Finally， perseverance ， the ability to hold on at all costs， will be required in a society where it is full of competitions for space， food and shelter.

2）比較與對(duì)比，包括兩種寫(xiě)法。

①類比法，即將兩種不同事物間的相似點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比較。如：Li Yin and Lu Ping have many things in common. To begin with， both girls have the same background， Li Yin was born and raised in the South， and so was Lu Ping. In addition，both girls are interested in the same kinds of subjectsin college. Li Yin likes English， math， and computer science. Similarly， Lu Ping has great interest in these three subjects. Furthermore， both girls want to be engineers. Li Yin plans to become an electrical engineer； Lu Ping wants to be a military engineer. As you can see， the two girls are almost like twins.

②對(duì)比法，即強(qiáng)調(diào)事物間的不同之處。如：In Europethere are very few wooden houses being built today. This is partly because wood is no longer as it once was， and partly because wooden houses catch fire quite easily. On the other hand， there are many wooden houses in the US. This is because the first settlers wanted to build houses quickly and inexpensively. Since the country was covered in many places with forests， some trees had to be cut down to make room for houses.

c.結(jié)尾段，是一篇文章必不可少的部分。結(jié)尾部分草草收?qǐng)觯瑫?huì)使人感到懸而未決，以致全文軟弱無(wú)力；反之，嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)完整的收尾則會(huì)深化主題，給讀者以完整感。通常采用綜合結(jié)論法，即在總結(jié)全文的例證、事實(shí)等基礎(chǔ)上最后得出結(jié)論。如：By setting a good example for your children， you are not only giving them a good model to imitate， you are also helping them to increase their chances for survival. It is not too soon to help your children begin to appreciate， understand， and respect the environment in which they live.

文章主要講述父母有責(zé)任幫助孩子了解林木花草、山川河流，學(xué)會(huì)欣賞與保護(hù)美麗的大自然。結(jié)尾段通過(guò)概括總結(jié)，更加深化主題，同時(shí)也給讀者留下完整印象。