地方軍事博物館，克拉科夫，波蘭

建筑設計：AIR尤爾科夫斯基—建筑事務所

地方軍事博物館，克拉科夫，波蘭

建筑設計：AIR尤爾科夫斯基—建筑事務所

1 夜景/Night view

要理解一個地方的政治和民族內涵，就必須從歷史開始。很多地方的軍事博物館都堆滿了各種兵器，讓技術掩蓋了戰爭的殘酷，或者純粹地去紀念（本國）士兵的英雄事跡。

波蘭的歷史可謂傷痕累累。18世紀，普魯士、俄國和奧地利把它瓜分，讓波蘭從政治地圖上消失。1795年，克拉科夫歸入奧地利帝國。由于弗朗茨·約瑟夫一世擔心俄國入侵，就把這座城市改建為要塞。第一次世界大戰之后，波蘭在經歷了短暫的獨立之后，于1939年再次遭到入侵——這次是德國納粹和蘇聯兩面夾擊。幾周后，波蘭軍隊戰敗，隨之而來的是長達6年的占領。盡管如此，波蘭人也沒有放棄。他們組成地下地方軍，在倫敦流亡政府的領導下進行武裝抵抗。2000年，地方軍事博物館對外開放，位置就在克拉科夫要塞的古建筑里。

1911年，奧地利軍隊建造它的時候還是一座兩層建筑，有寬敞的地下室、不可上人的屋頂和矩形的內院。外立面上是露面磚，內院立面粉刷為灰色。地下室原來是軍用掩體，有鋼筋混凝土天花和支柱，外面是雙層皮的磚墻。

建筑師抓住機會，通過精心的復原將之前的軍事建筑改造成一座真正意義上的博物館。對珍貴的磚墻進行了清潔和修補。舊的粉刷面被去除，露出最初的面磚。屋頂進行了延伸，還覆上了陶瓦。陰沉的地下室被改造。最后，內院加上了玻璃屋頂。改造后，這座博物館的磚墻成為一道亮麗的風景，與所有的新功能完美地結合在一起。（尚晉 譯）

項目信息/Credits and Data

客戶/Client: 地方軍事博物館/Muzeum Armii Krajowej

建設周期/Construction Period: 2009 - 2011

使用面積/Usable Floor Area: 5253m2

建筑用途/Building's Purpose: 博物館/Museum

用磚類型/Brick Type: 原始面磚，粘土屋頂瓦/Original facing bricks, clay roof tiles

攝影/Photos: Wojciech Dziedzic(Fig.1-3,8-10), Piotr Piatek(Fig.4)

In order to comprehend the political and national significance of this place, one has to start with a bit of history. Many places have military museums filled to the rafters with weapons, and in which the technical exhibits tend to attenuate the horrific reality of war or serve merely to commemorate the heroic feats of the (country's own) troops.

The history of Poland has been a particularly painful one. In the 18th century it was wiped off the political map when neighbouring Prussia, Russia and Austria carved up the country and divided it amongst themselves. From 1795, Cracow was part of the Austrian empire. Franz Josef fearing a Russian attack, began to rebuild the city as a fortress. After the First World War, Poland was independent for a brief time, but in 1939 it was invaded once more from two sides, by Nazi Germany and by the Soviet Union. The Polish army was defeated after just a few weeks, and six years of occupation followed. Still, the Poles refused to give up, engaging in armed resistance with their underground Home Army, which was led by the Polish government in exile in London. The year 2000 saw the opening of the Home Army Museum, which found its home in this historic building of the Cracow Fortress.

When it was erected for the Austrian army in 1911, it was a two-storey building with an ample basement floor, an unusable roof and a rectangular inner courtyard. Exposed brickwork showed on the outer facades, while the courtyard facades had grey rendering. The basement, which served as a military shelter, featured ceilings and supports of reinforced concrete and exterior double-wythe brick masonry walls.

The architects seized the opportunity to convert the former military building into an authentic location for the museum by means of a careful restoration. The valuable brickwork walls were cleaned and sealed; the old render was stripped to expose the original facing bricks; the roof was extended and covered with clay roof tiles; the basement with its impressive atmosphere was adapted; and finally the courtyard was given a glass roof. Post-conversion, the museum building is distinguished by its brickwork aesthetic, and is ideally suited to all the new functions required of it.

2 內景/Interior view

3 外景/Exterior view

4 屋頂/Roof

5 剖面/Section

評論

丁力揚：這個項目對于歷史建筑的保護和改造的溫和態度決定了建筑層面的處理和最終結果。這個建筑和所在地區見證了一戰和二戰，其本身成為了這個博物館的最重要的陳列，因此整體層面的一致性成為了建筑師的主要訴求，而設計中有限的“大動作”集中在對建筑內院的墻面清理和玻璃頂棚的加建上。

范路：這是一個要塞建筑的改造項目，而設計者認為建于1911年的原有建筑便是最好的博物館展品。他們對原有建筑做了大量清理和最小改動，以凸顯其質感和氛圍。在整個項目中，對庭院的改造是最具創造性的。原有的露天庭院加上了玻璃頂棚，成為了室內中庭。庭院外墻面的破舊抹灰被清除，露出了紅色的磚墻表面。原來的背景灰墻成為了極富歷史表情的主角，并以新的方式被人感知。在新的中庭里，要塞建筑的歷史、現在及永恒的天空交融在了一起。

Comments

DING Liyang: The architects' attitude towards the preservation and renovation of historic buildings largely determined the strategy, treatment and result of this work. The building and the region it belongs to experienced WWI and WWII, which consequently turns the structure itself into the most significant display item for the museum. Therefore continuity and coherence turn out to be the first priority of architects' idea. The limited and controlled "activities" that architects carry out concentrated on the exposing the original facing bricks of the courtyard by wiping out the former grey plaster rendering. A glass roof was also added to cover the courtyard seamlessly turning the entire building into a single and whole object.

FAN Lu: The Home Army Museum was part of a project to renovate Cracow Fortress. But the architects regarded the fortress itself, built in 1911, as the museum's best exhibit. They did a lot of cleaning and made some surgical interventions to reveal the building's texture and atmosphere as much as possible. In this restoration project, the disposition of the courtyard is the most creative part. The open courtyard was given a glass roof as part of the renovation work and serves as an inner atrium in the new museum. The courtyard was stripped to expose the original red facing bricks. The museum's plaster walls now become prominent figures full of history, and can be perceived in a new way. In the atrium, the eternal sky is integrated into the presence and history of the fortress.

The Home Army Museum, Cracow, Poland, 2011

Architects: AIR Jurkowscy-Architekci

6.7 平面/Floor plan

8-10 內景/Interior view