劉森
摘 要:詞匯學習在語言學習中尤為重要。以話題為載體的詞匯呈現,“語言包”得以形成。若能適當操練,便能自由解碼,進而無拘無束釋放、順暢輸出。
關鍵詞:話題詞匯;儲備;運用
本文試圖以北師大版高中英語教材為例,在話題詞匯學習方面做些許探究。此版教材每單元以一個主話題為中心展開,而后衍生出數個與之相關的子話題。詞匯布局的這種連鎖性,不僅有利于“語言包”的形成與儲備,而且極大提高了學生對語言的整合和運用能力。
一、語言的話題性分類儲備
單元主、子話題的展開,在詞匯的結構設置上體現很強的脈絡感。話題關鍵詞的動感嵌入增強了學習者語言輸入的自然流暢感和駕馭信心。以必修一第一單元Lifestyles話題為例:主話題the main topic: Lifestyles. 在warm-up中,談論人們的生活方式時所列關鍵詞(部分)有:active/boring/busy/free/interesting/lazy//relaxing/stressful.另配有例句:I think my life is busy and stressful, but maybe it is quite interesting sometimes.
這其實讓學生對主話題Lifestyles 有一個大致的語境熟悉,也把與生活方式相關的一些形容詞以打包的形式呈現給學生。如此,學習者在未接觸本單元具體內容之前對話題就有了基本的了解。然后又通過例句展示來教會學生怎樣使用新呈現的詞匯,通過替換結構中的同類詞匯的方式,輕松地去大致描述一個人的生活方式。當然授課當中也可以拓展以豐滿主話題詞匯的輸入:如使用favorite/fun-filled/healthy/ideal/traditional/meaningful/ modern等詞.
由主話題延伸的子話題sub-topics,每單元都會有好幾個。他們都圍繞主話題展開,不過比較具體,領域詞匯也逐漸豐富且變得類指性較強。
二、語言的運用
學習者在話題詞匯儲備之后,為進一步鍛煉其輸出能力,增強向語言應用能力的轉化,我們還必須引導學生做一些讀寫操練,以期達到其應用能力的培養。譬如可以讓學生以本單元的詞匯為積淀,寫一篇話題作文,鼓勵多用本單元的已學詞匯。筆者以本單元話題詞匯為主仿寫短文如下:
I live in a medium-sized city, which is not that crowded and noisy. I am a teacher. Despite the fact that my life isboringand I have no time to relax,I find it very interesting sometimes. I like being busy.Iget boredif there is nothing to do.
I normally rise at five. ImmediatelyI hear my alarm clock, I jump out of my bed. It takes me less than ten minutes to reachmy school. I am always the first to get tothe office.During the daytime,I am busy giving lessons. Seconds count. The students work very hard preparing themselves for the coming college entrance examination.I bring back students papers to mark from the office in the evenings. Giving lessons and marking papers take upa large part of the day.
I am so busy that I seldomhave time for fun and hobbies though walking my dogand watching TV seriesare all my favorites. I never take a weekend break in the countryside.I only spend most of the evenings enjoyingthe filmsand surfing the internet to keep myself informed of what is going on in the world at weekends. More exercise must be done for mein my free/spare time, which can help reduceworking stress.When taking exercise,I feel more relaxed, thus contributing a lot to my health and working efficiency.
I dont get the chance toaccompany my wife for shopping and she often complains aboutthat.
不難看出,用已儲備的詞匯仿寫一篇文章,既能使學習者輕松掌握了分類詞匯,又能在適當情境中運用語言[3],有效防止了語言輸出障礙現象的發生。而后也可以找來如“低碳生活(low-carbon life)”等相關話題的文章來加深學生對生活方式的理解,讓其不僅因此而增加了詞匯量,而且還從書本走向了現實生活。
話題詞匯學習不僅給詞匯的呈現找到了載體,而且讓學習者也得以“打包下載”了分類詞匯,奠定了其語言輸出的詞匯準備、板塊儲備。只要再配以適當的運用、合理的拓展、有條不紊的梳理,那么,這個“語言包”就會隨時解碼,語言也能活境活用,變得流暢平滑、自由而得體。
參考文獻:
[1]王薔.Michael Harris普通高中課程標準實驗教科書[M].北京:北師大出版社,2004(07).
[2]廖美珍.語言學教程(修訂版)精讀精解[M].成都:西南交通大學出版社,2005(12).
[3]廖美珍.語言學教程(修訂版)精讀精解[M].成都:西南交通大學出版社,2005.
(作者單位 河南省許昌市第二高級中學)
?誗編輯 蔚建超