肖鑫武 孫文逵 宋 勇
CT引導(dǎo)下分離式BARD活檢槍對(duì)支氣管鏡陰性孤立性肺結(jié)節(jié)的診斷價(jià)值
肖鑫武孫文逵宋勇
孤立性肺結(jié)節(jié)(solitary pulmonary node, SPN)是指直徑小于3 cm、周圍被正常肺組織所包繞的肺內(nèi)病變[1-7]。由于CT等技術(shù)的普及和發(fā)展,無癥狀的SPN被臨床發(fā)現(xiàn)已十分常見,體檢行胸部CT最為多見,是立即手術(shù)或繼續(xù)隨訪觀察,臨床醫(yī)生常難以選擇。另外,在臨床特征上,由于SPN直徑小,據(jù)支氣管開口距離較遠(yuǎn),常規(guī)支氣管鏡檢查大多難以探及病灶,因此,選擇創(chuàng)傷小的經(jīng)皮肺穿刺活檢是主要的臨床診斷方法。針吸式活檢只能根據(jù)細(xì)胞行定性診斷,進(jìn)一步地組織分型及分子病理檢查常難以實(shí)施。本研究回顧性分析了我院2008年1月至2014年2月對(duì)105例經(jīng)纖維支氣管鏡檢查陰性的SPN患者進(jìn)行CT引導(dǎo)下肺穿刺組織活檢,并分析了其相關(guān)并發(fā)癥,旨在探討CT引導(dǎo)下分離式BARD活檢槍對(duì)氣管鏡陰性孤立性肺結(jié)節(jié)的診斷價(jià)值及安全性。
資料與方法
一、一般資料與術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備
選擇我院2008年1月至2014年2月期間纖維支氣管鏡檢查陰性的SPN患者105例。所有患者均行術(shù)前談話并簽署知情同意書,告知穿刺流程、可能出現(xiàn)的并發(fā)癥及相關(guān)治療,并行CT引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)皮肺穿刺活檢且隨訪資料完整。其中,男性58例,平均(61.29±12.69)歲;女性47例,平均(57.74±9.71)歲。SPN長(zhǎng)徑20.83±6.17 mm(6.6~29 mm),短徑16.85±5.39 mm(4.3~28 mm);SPN距皮深度55.01±17.13 mm(17~98.3 mm)。105例SPN患者中,以實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié)為主的95例(90.5%),含明顯空泡征6例(5.7%),含空洞病變1例(0.95%),磨玻璃病變3例(2.9%)。
二、穿刺技術(shù)及儀器設(shè)備
術(shù)前患者行胸部CT 平掃及增強(qiáng)掃描,常規(guī)檢查肺功能、心電圖、血常規(guī)、血凝常規(guī)等。確定穿刺針入路,避免路徑血管及肺大泡。根據(jù)病灶位置選取易于保持穿刺過程中身體穩(wěn)定的體位,如仰臥位、俯臥位及側(cè)臥位;選擇病灶距體表最近皮膚表面為穿刺點(diǎn),盡可能將穿刺點(diǎn)位于掃描體位的最上方,以便于垂直于水平面,進(jìn)針后穿刺針易于固定不動(dòng)。將定位紙覆蓋穿刺點(diǎn)皮膚,平靜呼吸下,CT以層厚3 mm病變掃描確定穿刺點(diǎn)并標(biāo)記,測(cè)量進(jìn)針深度及垂線的穿刺角度。以標(biāo)志點(diǎn)為中心常規(guī)皮膚消毒,鋪無菌洞巾,以2%利多卡因逐層浸潤(rùn)麻醉至壁層胸膜,將分離式穿刺針(Bard Peripheral Vascular, MN-1 810/6,外徑18 G,針長(zhǎng)10~16 cm)從皮膚進(jìn)針點(diǎn)進(jìn)針至離病灶1~3cm處,CT再次掃描,修正進(jìn)針的方向及深度,進(jìn)針達(dá)病變邊緣,安裝活檢槍柄行活檢。活檢完成后,保持切割套針不動(dòng),一邊旋轉(zhuǎn)一邊退出樣本內(nèi)針,留取樣本后,再插入樣本內(nèi)針,安裝槍柄再行活檢,同樣取出樣本內(nèi)針,重復(fù)以上穿刺過程2~4次。標(biāo)本浸泡于10%甲醛溶液中固定送檢。穿刺完成后再次掃描,觀察有無氣胸及穿刺部位出血情況。返回病房,臥床觀察24 h,根據(jù)有無病發(fā)癥的情況行相應(yīng)處理。
三、診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1. 惡性結(jié)節(jié)診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):穿刺組織病理學(xué)診斷為惡性且外科手術(shù)切除后病理診斷為惡性者;穿刺組織學(xué)病理診斷為惡性,全身評(píng)估無手術(shù)指征或患者不愿接受手術(shù)者,經(jīng)放、化療或靶向治療后腫瘤體積縮小者。
2. 良性結(jié)節(jié)診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):穿刺組織學(xué)病理診斷為良性,經(jīng)對(duì)癥治療后病灶縮小、消失或隨訪1年以上無變化者。
四、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 19.0版軟件處理數(shù)據(jù),以卡方檢驗(yàn)對(duì)計(jì)數(shù)資料進(jìn)行比較,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
結(jié)果
一、診斷效率
105例氣管鏡陰性患者SPN病灶均獲取穿刺組織行組織病理學(xué)檢查。肺穿刺病理結(jié)果示惡性腫瘤72例(68.6%),良性病變33例(31.4%)。72例惡性病變中通過分離式BARD組織活檢槍檢出69例,靈敏度為95.83%;33例良性病變中通過分離式BARD組織活檢槍檢出32例,靈敏度為96.97%,見表1。另外,對(duì)64例腺癌標(biāo)本行ARMS法EGFR分子病理檢查,可檢測(cè)標(biāo)本58例(90.63%),陽性22例(37.93%),18外顯子陽性1例(4.55%),19外顯子缺失11例(50%),21外顯子突變10例(45.45%)。

表1 SPN經(jīng)皮肺穿刺病理結(jié)果分布(n=105)
二、并發(fā)癥
本組105例患者中并發(fā)氣胸者11例(10.47%),其中腺癌9例,肺炎2例,10例少量氣胸(9.5%)(肺壓縮<20%),行間斷高流量吸氧治療,1例因交通性氣胸行胸腔閉式引流(0.95%),均治愈。咯血11例(10.47%),其中腺癌7例,不典型增生1例,曲霉2例,組織胞漿菌病1例,10例為少量咯血(共計(jì)<100 ml),給予垂體后葉素等止血藥物治療均于1 h內(nèi)咯血停止,次日部分少量暗紅色血痰,1例大咯血(腺癌)經(jīng)垂體后葉素、氣管插管治療搶救成功,且咯血治愈。統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析發(fā)現(xiàn)氣胸發(fā)生與患者穿刺體位(P=0.026)、針道肺內(nèi)距離(P=0.038)、年齡(P=0.049)有關(guān),與結(jié)節(jié)大小(P=1.000)無關(guān),見表2。側(cè)臥位、年齡大、針道距離長(zhǎng)是氣胸發(fā)生的可能危險(xiǎn)因素,與患者穿刺體位、病變所處肺葉及結(jié)節(jié)大小無關(guān)(P>0.05)。

表2 氣胸發(fā)生率相關(guān)影響因素分析
注:a:fisher確切概率
討論
觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)SPN的惡性率約為10%~68%[8]。目前,SPN良惡性的診斷仍主要集中于其影像特點(diǎn)的研究,多數(shù)研究認(rèn)惡性SPN的常見特征有分葉征、毛刺征、鄰近胸膜凹陷等,而結(jié)節(jié)伴有鈣化則多為良性病變的重要表現(xiàn)。更多的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)其良惡性與患者的性別、年齡、吸煙史、惡性腫瘤病史等密切相關(guān)[9-11]。
SPN病理性質(zhì)是其治療選擇的關(guān)鍵。通常獲得病理學(xué)診斷的方法有痰脫落細(xì)胞檢查、纖維支氣管鏡檢查細(xì)胞學(xué)及組織學(xué)檢查、CT引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)皮肺穿刺活檢(CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy, CT-PTNB)、胸腔鏡或開胸活檢術(shù)等[12-13]。痰脫落細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查無創(chuàng)傷而便捷,但陽性率極低;胸腔鏡或開胸活檢術(shù)創(chuàng)傷大,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、費(fèi)用較高;大部分SPN位于肺部外周,故纖維支氣管鏡對(duì)SPN的診斷效率很低。自1976年Haaga等[13]報(bào)道的第1例CT引導(dǎo)下肺穿刺活檢術(shù)后,該技術(shù)得到了不斷發(fā)展,現(xiàn)已被廣泛應(yīng)用于SPN的常規(guī)診斷中。CT引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)皮肺穿刺活檢術(shù)對(duì)于外周型肺部結(jié)節(jié)的診斷陽性率高,創(chuàng)傷小,術(shù)前胸 HRCT及增強(qiáng)可有效避免血管及胸膜下肺大泡損傷[14-20]。薄層CT引導(dǎo)掃描可有效提高1 cm及以下病灶穿刺成功活檢,因此,CT-PTNB是最為適宜的診斷方法。本研究納入了105例經(jīng)纖維支氣管鏡活檢陰性的SPN患者均得以明確診斷,尤其對(duì)惡性病變的敏感性和特異性達(dá)到極高水平,顯著高于氣管鏡對(duì)SPN的診斷效率,與國(guó)外文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道類似[21-23]。對(duì)大多數(shù)肺腺癌患者,CT-PTNB也能提供足夠的EGFR分子病理學(xué)診斷標(biāo)本,對(duì)不能手術(shù)的肺腺癌患者有重要意義。對(duì)于結(jié)核和炎癥占多數(shù)的SPN良性病變,PTNB結(jié)果具有良好的治療指導(dǎo)意義,避免了過度手術(shù)的可能。因此,分次進(jìn)針,根據(jù)CT掃描調(diào)整方向和深度的方法值得推薦。
關(guān)于CT-PTNB的并發(fā)癥,主要有氣胸、出血、腫瘤針道播散、空氣栓塞等,其中氣胸和出血最常見,發(fā)生率分別為10%~40%和26%~33%[24-25]。本研究105例患者中并發(fā)氣胸11例(10.47%),多數(shù)自行吸收,僅個(gè)別需置管引流,無致死性氣胸發(fā)生。本研究統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析提示氣胸發(fā)生可能與年齡(P=0.049)和針道肺內(nèi)距離(P=0.038)密切相關(guān)。年齡大,針道肺內(nèi)距離長(zhǎng)是氣胸發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素,因本組患者均采用一次通過臟層胸膜的方法,雖多次取材,故與穿刺次數(shù)無關(guān),并在一定程度上減少了氣胸的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
綜上所述,CT-PTNB對(duì)SPN診斷率高,價(jià)格低廉,穿刺相關(guān)并發(fā)癥可控,一次穿刺多次取材的方法值得推薦。
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(本文編輯:王亞南)
肖鑫武,孫文逵,宋勇. CT引導(dǎo)下分離式BARD活檢槍對(duì)支氣管鏡陰性孤立性肺結(jié)節(jié)的診斷價(jià)值[J/CD]. 中華肺部疾病雜志: 電子版, 2015, 8(3): 284-287.
·論著·
【摘要】目的探討CT引導(dǎo)下分離式BARD活檢槍對(duì)氣管鏡陰性孤立性肺結(jié)節(jié)組織活檢的診斷價(jià)值。方法回顧性分析南京軍區(qū)南京總醫(yī)院呼吸與危重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科2008年1月至2014年2月期間行CT引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)皮肺穿刺活檢術(shù)并經(jīng)手術(shù)病理、臨床治療或隨訪證實(shí)的105例孤立性肺結(jié)節(jié)患者的病例,所有患者行經(jīng)皮肺穿刺術(shù)前均行纖維支氣管鏡檢查,并且檢查結(jié)果為陰性;采用分離式BARD活檢槍,18G BARD穿刺針,根據(jù)螺旋CT掃描選擇最佳穿刺層面及穿刺點(diǎn)。結(jié)果本組105例孤立性肺結(jié)節(jié)患者均取材成功,診斷結(jié)果經(jīng)手術(shù)病理、臨床治療或隨訪觀察證實(shí),惡性病變?cè)\斷敏感性95.83%,特異性100%。良性病變敏感性96.97%,特異性95.83%,假陰性4例(3.8%)。腺癌表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體(EGFR)檢測(cè)合格標(biāo)本58例(90.63%),陽性22例(37.93 %)。并發(fā)氣胸11例(10.47%),咯血11例(10.47%)。結(jié)論CT引導(dǎo)下分離式BARD活檢槍對(duì)氣管鏡陰性的孤立性肺結(jié)節(jié)具有很好的臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值,能為肺癌分子病理診斷分析提供足夠的標(biāo)本。
【關(guān)鍵詞】CT引導(dǎo);經(jīng)皮肺穿刺;分離式BARD活檢槍;診斷;并發(fā)癥
Diagnostic value of percutaneous CT-guided separated BARD biopsy instrument in solitary pulmonary nodules of bronchoscope negativeXiaoXinwu,SunWengKui,SongYong.DepartmentofRespiratoryandCriticalCareMedicine,NanjingGeneralHospitalofNanjingMilitaryCommand, 210002Nanjing,China
Correspondingauthor:SongYong,Email:yong_song6310@yahoo.com
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo evaluate the diagnostic value of percutaneous computed tomography (CT)-guided biopsy with separated BARD gun in bronchoscopy-negative solitary pulmonary nodules. MethodsTotal 105 patients with solitary pulmonary nodules who hospitalized between January 2008 and February 2014 were reviewed. All the patients with negative result of bronchoscopy were performed by percutaneous CT-guided transthoracic needle biopsy with a separated BARD gun and 18G BARD needle. The optimal cross-section and the fixation point were selected according to the CT scanning images. All of the nodules were confirmed either by the pathology of the surgery or the follow-up result in the clinical course. ResultsThe specimens are successfully obtained via the biopsy in all the 105 patients. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of percutaneous CT-guided separated BARD biopsy in malignant lesions was 95.83% and 100%, respectively. In the total malignant lesions, 58 cases of adenocarcinoma (90.63%) were up to standard of the epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) mutation analysis and 22 cases (37.93%) had a positive result. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in benign lesions was 96.97% and 95.83%, respectively. The incidence of pneumothorax was 11 cases (10.47%) and that of hemoptysis was 11 cases (10.47%). Conclusion Percutaneous CT-guided separated BARD biopsy is an efficient and safe method with few complications in diagnosing the solitary pulmonary nodules with negative result of bronchoscopy, which can also provide enough specimens for further molecular pathological analysis in lung cancer.
【Key words】CT-guided;Percutaneous lung biopsy;BARD biopsy instrument;Diagnosis;Complication
收稿日期:(2015-02-26)
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:中圖法分類號(hào): R563 A
通訊作者:宋勇,Email: yongsong6310@yahoo.com
基金項(xiàng)目:作者單位: 210002 南京,南京軍區(qū)南京總醫(yī)院呼吸與危重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科
DOI:10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-6902.2015.03.003