舒樺
摘要:動(dòng)詞不定式是高中英語的重要知識(shí)點(diǎn),也是各地高考的考點(diǎn),對于不定式知識(shí)的掌握程度,直接影響學(xué)生的考試成績和英語水平。本文對不定式用法結(jié)合具體實(shí)例進(jìn)行探究和總結(jié)。
關(guān)鍵詞:高中英語;不定式;語法功能
中圖分類號(hào):G632.41 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1674-9324(2015)39-0265-02
動(dòng)詞不定式由不定式符號(hào)to加動(dòng)詞原形組成,不帶to的不定式與動(dòng)詞原形同形,其否定式為not(to)+動(dòng)詞原形。動(dòng)詞不定式是非謂語動(dòng)詞的一種,沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化,除了不能單獨(dú)用作謂語外,幾乎可作句子中的任何成分,即主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、賓補(bǔ)、主補(bǔ)和同位語。不定式仍有動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn),即可有自己的賓語和狀語,構(gòu)成不定式短語,在句子中起名詞、形容詞和副詞的作用,動(dòng)詞不定式是高中英語知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)的重要一部分,對不定式掌握的程度,直接影響學(xué)生的英語水平,故本文對于高中英語不定式的用法作一簡要探究。
一、作主語
動(dòng)詞不定式作主語有兩種形式:
1.不定式做主語要置前。例如:
To get to Guiyang by bus will take us four hours from Fenggang.
To learn a foreign languages well is not easy.
2.用it作形式主語,把真正的主語不定式放在句子后。例如:
Its our duty to make our country more beautiful.
It seems impossible to save money.
如果不定式要帶邏輯主語,則需用介詞of或for來引導(dǎo),由“It+be+形容詞+for/of sb+to do sth”構(gòu)成。用for引導(dǎo)的形容詞有:important,necessary,impossible,better,worse,easy,difficult,heavy,light等;需用of引導(dǎo)的形容詞有:good,nice,kind,bad,cruel,wicked,clever,bright,wise,silly,foolish,stupid等,這些形容詞主要表示做這件事的人的品格或素質(zhì)。例如:
It is easy for us to arrive at the moon some day.
It is nice of you to play basketball with me.
二、作賓語
有些動(dòng)詞只能接不定式(短語)作賓語,如afford,agree,aim,ask,claim,choose,decide,demand,desire,determine,expect,fail,hope,manage,offer,plan,pretend,promise,refuse,threaten,wish,want,should(would)like等。
There were many talented actors out there just waiting .(2010江西卷)
【答案為B。不定式做wait的賓語。】
A.to discover B.to be discovered
C.discovered D.being discovered
有些及物動(dòng)詞的賓語要用“疑問詞+動(dòng)詞不定式短語”,如advise,ask,decide,find out,instruct,know,forget,imagine,learn,observe,remember,tell,think,understand,wonder等。
He told us whether a picnic was still under discussion.(2009四川卷)【答案為A】
A.to have B.having C.have D.had
介詞的賓語一般為動(dòng)名詞,但在下列短語的介詞后要用不定式:have no choice but,do nothing(anything/everything)but(except),cant but,cant choose but,cant help but。除have no choice外,but后面to都要省略。
If he takes on this work,he will have no choice but
an even greater challenge.(2012陜西卷)【答案為D】
A.meets B.meeting C.meet D.to meet
三、作表語
當(dāng)主語是aim,duty,hope,idea,plan,purpose等名詞為中心的短語,或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句時(shí),不定式表語對主語起補(bǔ)充說明作用,表示具體動(dòng)作或?qū)韯?dòng)作或其他。
His aim is to study abroad in the near future.他的目標(biāo)是在不久的將來出國學(xué)習(xí)。
What I want to say is to forget all the unhappy experience.我想說的是忘掉那些不愉快的經(jīng)歷。
如果主語部分有個(gè)表示不定式內(nèi)容的do,用作表語的不定式可省略to。
All you have to do is ( to) finish the job quickly.
四、作定語
1.不定式做定語時(shí)常放在被修飾的名詞或代詞之后。
She was very busy and had no time to visit her friends.
Ladies and gentlemen,I have something important to tell you.
2.當(dāng)名詞被the first,the last,the only等詞以及形容詞最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí),非謂語動(dòng)詞做定語只能用不定式。
She is always the first to come and the last to leave.
3.something,anything,nothing,everything等復(fù)合不定代詞常用不定式做后置定語。
Do you have anything to send?
4.也可用在have...to do 和there be 句型中作定語。
There is no one to take care of her.
I have no jewelry to wear.
There are five pairs to choose from,but I am at a loss which to buy.
5.如果不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞,則后面需適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。
Please pass me some paper to write on.
She has a nice pen to write with.
He bought a flat for the family to live in.
五、作同位語
不定式作同位語也在高考題中常出現(xiàn)。
Volunteering gives you a chance lives,including your own.(2013北京卷)【答案為D。不定式與chance為同位關(guān)系。】
A.change B.changing C.changed D.to change
The ability an idea is as important as the idea itself.(2011湖南卷)【答案為C。不定式與ability為同位關(guān)系。】
A.expressing B.expressed
C.to express D.to cover
用不定式作同位語的名詞通常是表示企圖、傾向、目的、愿望,打算、能力、意向等意義的名詞,如plan,ability,attempt,wish等。
六、作狀語
不定式作狀語可以表示目的、結(jié)果、原因等。
warm at night,I would fill the woodstove,then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it.(2013湖南卷)【答案為C,表示目的。】
A.Staying B.Stayed C.To stay D.Stay
George returned after the war,only that his wife had left him.(2012山東卷)【答案為A】
A.to be told B.telling C.being told D.told
only to do表示出乎意料的結(jié)果,主語George與不定式的動(dòng)詞邏輯上是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
The old man sat in front of the television every evening,happy anything that happened to be on.(2012全國卷Ⅱ)【答案為A】
A.to watch B.watching
C.watched D.to have watched
動(dòng)詞不定式(短語)常跟在一些形容詞后面,說明產(chǎn)生這些情緒的原因,如happy,ashamed,surprised,grieved,frightened,sorry,glad,delighted,eager,disappointed,right,excited,ready,clever,bored等。
We were astonished the temple still in its original condition.(2010遼寧卷)【答案為B】
A.finding B.to find
C.find D.to be found
七、作賓語補(bǔ)足語或在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中作主語補(bǔ)足語
賓語與其賓補(bǔ)或主語與其主補(bǔ)形成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。常見動(dòng)詞有:ask,force,get,allow,prefer,expect,advise,permit,request,order,invite,help,wish,want,like,hate等。有以下幾種形式:
Having finished her project,she was invited by the school to the new students.(2012江西卷)【答案為C,不定式作主語補(bǔ)足語。】
A.speaking B.having spoken
C.to speak D.to have spoken
My Father does not allow me to hang out too late at night.(賓語補(bǔ)足語)
使役動(dòng)詞跟不帶“to”的不定式在句子中作賓語的補(bǔ)語即賓語補(bǔ)足語。
I often see him go to school on foot.
Let him do it by himself.
八、作獨(dú)立成分
動(dòng)詞不定式(短語)可以用來做句子的獨(dú)立成分。這些短語有:to begin with(首先),to tell the truth(說實(shí)在的),to make a long story short(長話短說),to be brief(簡言之),to be exact(確切地說),to be frank(坦率地說),to conclude(總而言之)等。
To be honest,the pay isnt attractive enough though the job itself is quite interesting.
非謂語動(dòng)詞的應(yīng)用很大程度上決定了學(xué)生的成績和能力,作為非謂語動(dòng)詞的組成部分,不定式的重要性顯而易見。不定式用法很多,上述內(nèi)容雖然進(jìn)行了相對比較系統(tǒng)的總結(jié),但仍然存在一些問題。盡管如此,掌握不定式的基本用法和內(nèi)容,仍然可以幫助學(xué)生學(xué)好英語,取得不錯(cuò)的成績。
參考文獻(xiàn):
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