唐玉玲,張春江,馬 莉,賈 林,楊 銳,楊曉萍
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1,25(OH)2D3對人系膜細胞增殖及PI3K/Akt信號通路的影響
唐玉玲,張春江,馬 莉,賈 林,楊 銳,楊曉萍
【摘要】目的觀察1,25-二羥維生素D3〔1,25(OH)2D3〕對人系膜細胞(HMC)增殖及Akt、mTOR表達的影響,探討PI3K/Akt信號通路在1,25(OH)2D3對HMC增殖調控中的作用。方法體外培養HMC,取傳代培養至第3~7代細胞分為4組:正常對照組(N組)、1,25(OH)2D3組(10-8mol/L,VD組)、PI3K抑制劑干預組(LY294002 2 μg/ml,LY組),LY294002(2 μg/ml)聯合1,25(OH)2D3組(10-8mol/L)組(LY+VD組),干預48 h,倒置相差顯微鏡觀察各組細胞生長,CCK-8法檢測各組細胞增殖,流式細胞術檢測各組細胞周期時相分布,Western blotting檢測各組Akt、p-Akt、mTOR、p-mTOR表達的情況。結果各實驗組吸光度值(A值)比較,差異有統計學意義(F=281.641,P<0.01),其中VD組、LY組和LY+VD組A值均低于N組,LY+VD組A值均分別低于VD組和LY組,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.01)。各實驗組G2/M期比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。各實驗組G1期、S期和PI比較,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05);其中VD組、LY組和LY+VD組G1期均高于N組,S期和PI均低于N組,LY+VD組G1期均高于VD組,S期和PI均低于VD組,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05)。各實驗組Akt/β-actin、mTOR/β-actin灰度值比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。各實驗組p-Akt/Akt、p-mTOR/mTOR灰度值比較,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);其中VD組、LY組和LY+VD組p-Akt/Akt、p-nmTOR/mTOR灰度值均低于N組,LY+VD組p-Akt/Akt、p-nmTOR/mTOR灰度值均低于VD組和LY組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。結論1,25-(OH)2D3可通過PI3K/Akt信號通路抑制體外培養HMC的增殖。
系膜細胞(mesangial cell,MC)進行性異常增生將發展為腎小球硬化,最終導致腎衰竭,而早期抑制MC增殖、促進其凋亡對改善和延緩病情至關重要。1,25-二羥維生素D3〔1,25(OH)2D3〕是維生素D3在體內的活性形式,其能對多種類型細胞的增殖及凋亡起調節作用[1]。本課題組前期研究已證實,1,25(OH)2D3能抑制體外培養的正常人MC(HMC)增殖,誘導其凋亡[2-3]。本實驗使用磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶(PI3K)抑制劑LY294002作用于體外培養的HMC,旨在初步探討1,25(OH)2D3影響HMC增殖的具體機制,為其臨床應用提供理論依據。
1材料與方法
1.1材料與試劑
1.1.1細胞株HMC株購自湘雅醫學院中心實驗室。
1.1.2主要試劑1,25-(OH)2D3(10 μg)、LY294002、CCK-8試劑盒、碘化丙啶(PI)(購自美國Sigma公司),0.25% 胰蛋白酶(美國Gibco公司),小鼠抗人β-actin單克隆抗體、兔抗人Akt單克隆抗體、兔抗人p-nAkt單克隆抗體(Cell Signaling公司);山羊抗兔IgG二抗、山羊抗小鼠IgG二抗(北京中杉金橋生物技術有限公司)。
1.2儀器與設備普通光學顯微鏡(日本Olympus公司),倒置相差顯微鏡(日本Olympus公司),ELX-800酶標儀(美國Biokit公司),流式細胞儀(德國Partec公司),Gel DocTMXR+凝膠成像系統(美國BIO RAD公司)。
1.3實驗方法
1.3.1細胞培養采用L-DMEM完全培養基(10%FBS,100 μg/ml青霉素,100 μg/ml鏈霉素)復蘇細胞株,置于5% CO2、37 ℃、飽和濕度的培養箱中培養,當細胞生長至70%~80%融合時,用0.25%胰蛋白酶消化,傳代繼續培養,第3~7代用于實驗。
1.3.2實驗分組收集生長良好的對數期HMC,計數后接種于培養瓶中,待細胞完全貼壁后棄完全培養基,加入L-DMEM同步化24 h,將細胞分為4組:(1)N組:對照(L-DMEM培養基,5%FBS),(2)VD組:1,25(OH)2D3(10-8mol/L),(3)LY組:LY294002(2 μg/ml),(4)LY+VD組:LY294002(終濃度為2 μg/ml)聯合1,25(OH)2D3(終濃度為10-8mol/L)。
1.3.3CCK-8法檢測各組HMC增殖參照文獻[4]及CCK-8試劑盒使用說明書操作。取對數期HMC,調整濃度為1×104/ml,200 μl/孔接種于96孔板內;按照實驗分組干預48 h,干預結束后磷酸鹽緩沖液(PBS)沖洗1次,加入100 μl L-DMEM及10 μl CCK-8溶液,培養4 h后振蕩15 min,酶標儀檢測各孔在450 nm波長處的吸光度值(A值)。實驗重復3次,并計算抑制率(inhibition rate,IR),IR=A對照組-A實驗組/ A對照組×100%。
1.3.4流式細胞儀(PI染色)檢測各組HMC周期時相分析取對數期HMC,調整濃度為2×105/ml,接種于培養瓶內;按照實驗分組干預48 h,干預結束后收集細胞,4 ℃預冷的70%乙醇重懸,4 ℃固定過夜;上機前以800 r/min離心5 min,PBS洗滌1次,1×Buffer液重懸細胞,加入RNA酶(終濃度為10 μg/μl),37 ℃孵育30 min,加入PI染液(終濃度為50 μg/ml),4 ℃避光反應30 min,移入流氏管中,再加入PBS至2 ml,上機檢測。實驗重復3次,計算細胞增殖指數(proliferation index,PI),PI=(S期細胞比例+G2期細胞比例)/(G1期細胞比例+S期細胞比例+G2期細胞比例)。
1.3.5Western blotting法檢測Akt、p-nAkt、mTOR、p-nmTOR表達取對數期HMC,用無血清DMEM培養基培養24 h,同步化于G0期,按實驗分組干預48 h,300 μl細胞裂解液提取蛋白,BCA法測蛋白濃度并配平,取10 μl上樣電泳3 h,PVDF轉膜50 min,5%奶粉/BSA封閉1 h,分別用兔抗人Akt單抗(1∶1 000)、兔抗人p-nAkt單抗(1∶1 000)、小鼠抗人β-actin單抗(1∶2 000)4 ℃孵育過夜,山羊抗兔、抗鼠IgG(1∶20 000)室溫1 h,ECL顯色成像。相同實驗條件重復3次。Gelpro軟件比較目的條帶相對灰度值。

2結果
2.1各實驗組HMC生長情況各實驗組分別干預HMC 48 h后,N組HMC:胞體呈長梭形、不規則星形或樹枝狀,胞核居中,圓形或卵圓形,較清晰,見圖1A(本文圖1、圖2的彩圖見本刊官網www.chinagp.net電子期刊相應文章附件)。VD組HMC:少數胞體皺縮,體積變小,核濃縮成點狀,胞質濃縮甚至出現空泡,部分細胞漂浮(見圖1B)。LY組和LY+VD組:與N組相比,細胞核數目明顯減少,胞體呈長梭形突出或消失(見圖1C、1D)。

注:A=N組,B=VD組,C=LY組,D=LY+VD組
圖1各實驗組HMC生長情況(×200)
Figure 1Proliferation of human mesangial cells by the intervention of each group
2.2各實驗組HMC增殖情況各實驗組A值比較,差異有統計學意義(F=281.641,P<0.01),其中VD組、LY組和LY+VD組A值均低于N組,LY+VD組A值均分別低于VD組和LY組,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.01,見表1)。
表1各實驗組HMC增殖情況比較
Table 1Comparison of proliferation of human mesangial cells by the intervention of each group

組別A值IR(%)N組0.8028±0.02340 VD組0.5432±0.0380a32.34LY組0.3946±0.0395a50.85LY+VD組0.3608±0.0186abc55.06
注:與N組比較,aP<0.01;與VD組比較,bP<0.01;與LY組比較,cP<0.01
2.3各實驗組HMC周期時相分布各實驗組G2/M期比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。各實驗組G1期、S期和PI比較,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05);其中VD組、LY組和LY+VD組G1期均高于N組,S期和PI均低于N組,LY+VD組G1期均高于VD組,S期和PI均低于VD組,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05,見表2、圖2)。

Table 2Comparison of cycle phase distribution of human mesangial cells by the intervention of each group

組別細胞周期時相分布G1期 S期 G2/M期PIN組54.94±0.5633.05±1.9712.01±1.4945.06±3.46VD組62.06±1.93a22.80±1.47a15.14±2.8337.94±4.30aLY組68.19±1.33a20.11±1.18a11.76±0.5632.86±5.05aLY+VD組67.14±1.55ab19.01±2.46ab13.85±2.5931.81±1.74abF值409.06815.60191.659123.263P值<0.05<0.05>0.05<0.05
注:與N組比較,aP<0.05;與VD組比較,bP<0.05;PI=細胞增殖指數

注:A=N組,B=VD組,C=LY組,D=LY+VD組
圖2各實驗組HMC周期時相分布
Figure 2Cycle phase distribution of human mesangial cells by the intervention of each group
2.4各實驗組Akt、p-nAkt、mTOR、p-nmTOR表達情況各實驗組Akt/β-actin、mTOR/β-actin灰度值比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。各實驗組p-Akt/Akt、p-nmTOR/mTOR灰度值比較,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);其中VD組、LY組和LY+VD組p-Akt/Akt、p-nmTOR/mTOR灰度值均低于N組,LY+VD組p-Akt/Akt、p-nmTOR/mTOR灰度值均低于VD組和LY組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05,見表3、圖3)。

Table 3Comparison of the expression of Akt,p-nAkt,mTOR and p-nmTOR among the four groups

組別Akt/β-actinp-Akt/AktmTOR/β-actinp-nmTOR/mTORN組1.82±0.391.16±0.481.27±0.221.01±0.16VD組1.87±0.290.79±0.14a1.25±0.290.30±0.16aLY組1.85±0.530.65±0.26a1.25±0.200.43±0.35aLY+VD組1.84±0.390.38±0.15abc1.25±0.220.11±0.10abcF值0.54485.3610.95183.252P值>0.05<0.05>0.05<0.05
注:與N組比較,aP<0.05;與VD組比較,bP<0.05;與LY組比較,cP<0.05

圖3 各實驗組Akt、p-nAkt、mTOR、p-nmTOR的表達
Figure 3Expression of Akt,p-nAkt,mTOR and p-nmTOR among the four groups
3討論
1,25(OH)2D3是維生素D3在人體內的活性形式,屬于類固醇激素,也是人體必需的一種營養物質。研究證明:1,25(OH)2D3具有廣泛的生物學效應,包括調節鈣磷平衡,調節免疫系統、神經系統、腎素血管緊張素、胰島素的分泌,以及細胞的分化、增殖、凋亡等[1]。1,25(OH)2D3可以抑制體外培養的小鼠系膜細胞的增殖[5]。Weinreich等[6]檢測到HMC含有維生素D受體(VDR),1,25(OH)2D3可抑制HMC DNA的合成與細胞增殖。本研究通過CCK-8法、流氏細胞術檢測1,25(OH)2D3對體外培養的正常HMC的影響,與正常對照組相比,1,25(OH)2D3組抑制率顯著降低、G1期細胞顯著增多、S期細胞顯著減少,進一步證實了活性維生素D3能阻滯HMC細胞周期的進程,對HMC的增殖有明顯的抑制作用。
MC異常增殖的本質是促進與抑制增生的失衡,主要是DNA復制和蛋白質的合成加速,G1/S期(DNA合成前期/DNA合成期)和G2/M期(DNA合成后期/有絲分裂期)是細胞周期調控的兩個關鍵時期,主要受細胞周期蛋白(cyclin)、細胞周期蛋白依賴性激酶(CDK)及CDK抑制因子(CDKI)的相互調控。Huang等[7]證實PI3K、Akt、mTOR信號通路與MC的生長、增殖密切相關:PI3K活化后激活Akt,進一步磷酸化mTOR,將有絲分裂信號傳遞給核糖體蛋白S6激酶(p70S6K),使細胞周期蛋白(cyclin C、D、E)翻譯上調,從而縮短細胞周期、促進增殖。PI3K/Akt信號通路主要與細胞有絲分裂有關,其促進有絲分裂的靶點主要是Akt活化后產生的下游分子,包括糖原合成激酶3β(GSK-3β)、mTOR、p70S6K、真核啟動因子4E結合蛋白(4EBPS)等,同時通過磷酸化CDKI(p21Cip1與p27Kip1),正調控cyclin/CDK[8-9]。阻斷該信號通路的活化,將抑制細胞增殖,PI3K催化亞基p110的靶向抑制劑LY294002可以阻斷3-磷脂肌醇的產生[10],進而阻斷此通路的活化。本研究結果顯示,與正常對照組比較,LY294002能顯著抑制HMC增殖,且LY294002組HMC G1期細胞顯著增加,S期細胞顯著減少,提示PI3K/Akt信號通路存在于系膜細胞中,且被激活,給予PI3K抑制劑LY294002將HMC阻滯于G1期,從而抑制其生長,也驗證PI3K/Akt信號通路在HMC的增殖過程中起重要的調控作用。
多項研究表明,PI3K/Akt信號通路參與多種癌細胞的生長、增殖、分化、凋亡和自噬過程[11-12]。Shemesh等[13]研究發現,抑制PI3K/Akt信號通路,可抑制高糖所致MC增殖及細胞中Ⅰ型膠原蛋白累積,從而延緩高糖所致MC功能損害。Zhang等[14]研究發現1,25(OH)2D3能協同LY294002發揮阻滯HL-60細胞(人早幼粒白血病細胞)周期的作用,且與協同上調p27Kip1有關。本研究結果顯示:與LY294002組相比,1,25(OH)2D3與LY294002聯合仍能抑制HMC增殖,繼續將其阻滯于G1期,提示1,25(OH)2D3可能通過抑制PI3K的活化,阻滯MC增殖。本實驗進一步檢測Akt/p-nAkt、mTOR/p-nmTOR的表達,結果顯示Akt/p-nAkt、mTOR/p-nmTOR在正常對照組中有表達,且1,25(OH)2D3及LY294002組中p-nAkt、p-nmTOR表達量較正常對照組、1,25(OH)2D3組、LY294002組顯著降低,進一步證實PI3K/Akt信號通路存在于HMC中,1,25(OH)2D3可單獨及聯合PI3K抑制劑抑制PI3K/Akt信號通路阻滯MC增殖。另有研究發現,與張力蛋白同源在10號染色體有缺失的磷酸酶基因(PTEN)通過阻斷PIP2產生PIP3,抑制Akt的活化[15],但Axanova等[16]報道,1,25(OH)2D3與Akt抑制劑共同抑制前列腺癌細胞的生長,并不完全依賴于PTEN。Gao等[17]研究證實,蛋白磷酸酶PHLPP可以使Akt去磷酸化,進而抑制腫瘤細胞的生長,促進其凋亡。因此,推斷1,25(OH)2D3可能是通過抑制PI3K的活化,或通過PTEN和/或PHLPP及其他機制抑制Akt活化,進而抑制其下游蛋白mTOR磷酸化,發揮阻滯HMC增殖的作用。
綜上所述,PI3K/Akt信號通路在HMC的增殖過程中起重要的調控作用,并參與1,25(OH)2D3抑制HMC增殖的過程。1,25(OH)2D3、LY294002可抑制體外培養的HMC增殖,1,25(OH)2D3協同LY294002發揮阻滯HMC周期的作用,共同將細胞阻滯于G1期;1,25(OH)2D3可通過抑制Akt、mTOR磷酸化,從而抑制MC增殖,為1,25(OH)2D3抑制MC增殖相關機制提出了新思路及一定的實驗基礎,但具體作用機制仍需進一步研究。
作者貢獻:唐玉玲、楊曉萍進行試驗設計與實施、資料收集整理、撰寫論文、成文并對文章負責;張春江、馬莉、賈林、楊銳進行實驗實施、評估、資料收集;楊曉萍進行質量控制及審校。
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(本文編輯:賈萌萌)
·論著·
【關鍵詞】骨化三醇;磷酸肌醇3-激酶類;Akt;腎小球系膜細胞;細胞增殖
唐玉玲,張春江,馬莉,等.1,25(OH)2D3對人系膜細胞增殖及PI3K/Akt信號通路的影響[J].中國全科醫學,2016,19(2):190-194.[www.chinagp.net]
Tang YL,Zhang CJ,Ma L,et al.Effects of 1,25(OH)2D3on the proliferation of human mesangial cells and the PI3K/Akt signal pathway[J].Chinese General Practice,2016,19(2):190-194.
Effects of 1,25(OH)2D3on the Proliferation of Human Mesangial Cells and the PI3K/Akt Signal PathwayTANGYu-ling,ZHANGChun-jiang,MALi,etal.MedicalCollegeofShiheziUniversity,Shihezi832003,China
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3〔1,25(OH)2D3〕 on the proliferation of human mesangial cells and the expression of Akt and mTOR and to explore the role of signal pathway of PI3K/Akt in the regulation of the proliferation of human mesangial cells by 1,25(OH)2D3.MethodsHuman mesangial cells were cultured in vitro,and the subcultured cells of three to seven generations were divided into four groups:normal control group(group N),1,25(OH)2D3group(10-8mol/L,group VD),PI3K intervention control group(LY294002 2 μg/ml,group LY),LY294002(2 μg/ml)combined 1,25(OH)2D3group(10-8mol/L)(group LY+VD).Intervention was conducted for 48 hours.Inverted phase contrast microscope was used to observe the cell growth of each group,CCK-8 method was used to detect the cell proliferation of each group,flow cytometry was employed to detect the cycle phase distribution of each group,and western blotting method was adopted to detect the expressions of Akt,p-nAkt,mTOR and p-nmTOR.ResultsThe four groups were significantly different in A(F=281.641,P<0.01).Group VD,group LY and group LY+VD were lower than group N in A(P<0.01),and group LY+VD was lower than group VD and group LY in A(P<0.01).The four groups were not significantly different in G2/M phase(P>0.05).The four groups were not significantly different(P<0.05)in G1phrase,S phrase and PI;group VD,group LY and group LY+VD were higher in G1phrase and lower in S phrase and PI than group N;group LY+VD was higher in G1phrase and lower in S phrase and PI than group VD(P<0.05).The four groups were not significantly different(P>0.05)in the gray values of Akt/β-actin and mTOR/β-actin.The four groups were significantly different(P<0.05)in the gray values of p-Akt/Akt and p-nmTOR/mTOR;group VD,group LY and group LY+VD were lower in the gray value of p-nmTOR/mTOR than N group(P<0.05),and group LY+VD was lower than VD group and LY group in the gray values of p-Akt/Akt and p-nmTOR/mTOR(P<0.05).Conclusion1,25-(OH)2D3can inhibit the proliferation of human mesangial cells cultured in vitro through PI3K/Akt signal pathway.
【Key words】Calcitriol;Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases;Akt;Mesangial cells;Cell proliferation
收稿日期:(2015-07-06;修回日期:2015-09-10)
【中圖分類號】R 977.24
【文獻標識碼】A
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2016.02.014
通信作者:楊曉萍,832003新疆石河子市,石河子大學醫學院;E-mail:sbkyxp@163.com
基金項目:作者單位:832003新疆石河子市,石河子大學醫學院