楊正仁

【摘要】非謂語動詞是由動詞變來但不能作謂語的一種形式,但可以帶自己的賓語或狀語,構成非謂語動詞短語。非謂語動詞之不定式在句中作主語、賓語、定語、狀語、補語和表語,同時動詞不定式也有時態、語態和否定形式。
【關鍵詞】動詞不定式 句法功能 時態語態 否定式 疑問詞+不定式 省略
非謂語動詞是由動詞變來但不能作謂語的動詞形式,但可以帶自己的賓語或狀語,構成非謂語動詞短語。不定式是最常用的非謂語動詞之一,下面從句法功能、時態和語態等方面舉例說明其用法。
一、句法功能
動詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞之特性,同時也保留動詞特征,同自己的賓語和狀語一起構成不定式短語,在句中作主語、賓語、定語、狀語、補語、表語。
1.作主語
To love and to be loved are both happiness.
(1)不定式作主語時,為了避免頭重腳輕,常用it作形式主語,不定式作真正主語,常見句型有:
It is very nice to get up early and do morning exercise.
It is a great honor to make a speech at the meeting.
It took me five hours to finish my homework yesterday.
It is against my will to tell her the secret.
(2)不定式的邏輯主語用of或for引出。用for時,它前面的形容詞說明不定式的性質,而不是說明邏輯主語,常見的形容詞有:important, necessary, difficult等;用of時,常用表示人的品質的形容詞,常見形容詞有:nice, good, cruel, typical, silly, foolish, stupid, bright, clever, wise, right, wrong, mistaken等,也可以用“邏輯主語+系動詞+該形容詞”模式改寫:
It is very important for us to fasten safety belts.
It was silly of her to believe what he said = She was silly to believe what he said.
2.作賓語
(1)agree, beg, choose, decide, afford, fail, expect, hope, long, offer, manage, plan, prepare, pretend, strive, refuse, intend, promise, seem, wish, want等后常跟不定式作賓語。不定式一般不作介詞賓語,但可以作but, except的賓語:
My parents agreed to send me abroad for holidays if I passed the exam.
He had no choice but to have a rest at home.
(2)like, love, hate, continue等動詞后跟不定式和動名詞作賓語意義接近,區別在于不定式表示具體的動作,動名詞表示抽象概念:
I like reading, but I dont like to read in the classroom today.
(3)不定式作賓語時,用it作形式賓語,常跟一個形容詞或者名詞作賓補:
We consider it necessary to learn English well in case you go abroad.
We have made it a rule not to watch TV during dinner time.
3.作定語
(1)作定語時,與被修飾……