
關(guān)鍵詞: 清代;清水江文書;徽州文書;苗族女性;土地買賣
摘要: 近年來,在貴州黔東南少數(shù)民族地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)了大量的清水江文書,其中苗族女性參與或主導(dǎo)的土地買賣文書遺存極為豐贍。以之與徽州文書已有的研究成果試作比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)苗族女性買賣土地文書所呈現(xiàn)出來的形制與特點與徽州地區(qū)大致相同,即苗族女性的土地買賣文書在紙張選用、書寫格式與漢字書寫邏輯上,顯示出其繼承和吸收漢族契約文書基本“契式”的一面。而考“立契人”“產(chǎn)權(quán)來源”“出賣原因”“買主”“領(lǐng)價與署押”等契約要素與內(nèi)容的具體表達(dá),又與徽州文書多有不同之處,表現(xiàn)出了較強的地域性與民族性之特點,尤其是女性買主更為徽州地區(qū)所絕少者,呈現(xiàn)了苗族女性具有較高社會地位與權(quán)利的歷史事實。
中圖分類號: K249.3文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: A文章編號: 10012435(2017)03028108
Key words: Qing Dynasty; Qingshuijiang documents; Huizhou documents; Hmong women; purchase and sale of land
Abstract: In recent years,found a large number of Qingshuijiang Documents in southeast Guizhou Province,which have a number of Hmong women participation or dominant land contracts.It is found that the form and characteristics of the land sale documents of the Hmong women are basically the same as those of the Huizhou area,in the paper selection,writing format and Chinese character writing logic,which shows that it inherits and absorbs the Han “contract instruments.” And the specific expression of the contract elements and contents such as “the contract person”,“the source of property right”,“the reason of the sale”,“the buyer”,“the price and agency”,and so on.And there are many different places with Huizhou documents,because Qingshuijiang documents show a strong regional and national characteristics,especially female buyers in Huizhou region is very few.It shows the Miao women have a higher social status and the historical facts of the right.
近年來,人們在貴州少數(shù)民族聚居的清水江地區(qū),發(fā)現(xiàn)了大量明代以來的契約文書,學(xué)界通常謂之為“清水江文書”。這批近30萬件的民間歷史文獻(xiàn),以林業(yè)契約和土地買賣契約為大宗,亦多見陰地陽宅買賣契約、租佃契約、佃山種杉分成合同、婚姻契約、分家文書、結(jié)盟款約、稟稿、刀筆書、訴訟文書,等等,并呈現(xiàn)出歸戶性、民族性、地域性、完整性均極強之特點,于歷史研究有著重要的史料價值。迄今對清水江文書的研究業(yè)已多角度展開,尤其在林業(yè)契約、習(xí)慣法與社會經(jīng)濟(jì)史研究方面的成果頗多。[1]然而,對其中為數(shù)不少的苗族女性土地買賣文書,研究卻較為少見,利用清水江文書研究少數(shù)民族女性,多集中于婦女權(quán)利與地位的闡釋,并未對婦女買賣土地文書的形制與特點進(jìn)行研究?!?br>