淺談如何提高高中生的英語寫作能力

朱美玲

英語學科核心素養包括語言能力、文化意識、思維品質和學習能力。其中，語言能力是指在社會情境中以聽、說、讀、看、寫等方式理解和表達意義的能力。通過文本課程的學習，學生能進一步發展語言意識和英語語感；掌握英語語言知識并在語境中整合性地運用所學知識；有效使用口筆頭語傳遞意義和進行人際交流（梅德明、王薔2018）。這無疑突出了英語寫作或英語書面表達在高中英語教學中舉足輕重的地位。然而，由于學生自身的語言素養不高，語言知識的積累有限，加之中英文語言體系的差異，導致他們在進行英語寫作時往往無從下手，心有余而力不足。許多學生在英語寫作中通常是根據漢語思維來疊加單詞，拼湊句子，根本無句子結構概念和語法規則，也談不上語言的美感和上下文的邏輯關系，遑論內容拓展和內容升華。

高中英語寫作教學是一個漫長且任重而道遠的過程。怎樣充分利用手頭的教學資源和現實的教學環境提高學生的英語寫作能力，是一個值得英語教師認真思考和深入探索的主題。

一、以讀促寫，讀寫結合

無論是哪個版本的高中英語教材，都是以閱讀文章為主。例如，正在使用的北師大版高中英語教材（必修）每個單元有四課，外加Communication Workshop和Culture Corner。前四課中有2—3篇是閱讀文章，且Culture Corner部分是拓展閱讀，也屬于閱讀文章。這些閱讀文章涉及的話題十分廣泛，內容也比較新穎。北師大版高中英語教材共有33個話題，這些話題具有時代性、科技性、文化性、體育性和藝術性。涉及的題材都與高中生的現實生活密切相關，包括生活習俗、文化藝術、自然和環保、社會和社會生活、未來世界等，內容生動且有梯度，是很好的寫作范本。

此處的“以讀促寫，讀寫結合”并不是指把閱讀和寫作這兩個環節單純地疊加，而是閱讀中有與之休戚相關的寫作，寫作中有與之息息相關的閱讀，是兩個環節的“水乳交融，相融共生”。教師要做到在閱讀教學中恰當、有效地融入“寫”的練習和鞏固，在寫作教學中充分發揮“讀”的有效輸入和引領作用，從而最大限度地發揮閱讀與寫作相互促進的作用，即相輔相成的作用（徐杰2015）。

具體做法如下：利用教材中閱讀文章的題材、體裁、話題、話題詞匯、話題句型、文章架構、寫作手法、時態、語態等傳授給學生寫作文的技能。在很大程度上，不同語言的教與學有著相通之處。換句話說，英語閱讀文章的教學和語文閱讀文章的教學有著相似之處，都應該注重對文本的分析，包括宏觀分析——整篇文章的謀篇布局，文章的體裁、題材和寫作順序等及微觀分析——每個段落的展開方式、寫作手法和表達技巧等，句子結構、經典句型、有用的表達方式等，時態、語態和人稱等。閱讀文章中的一些精彩段落、美詞美句值得學生反復閱讀和背誦，是很好的仿寫素材。在對閱讀文章進行宏觀分析和微觀分析并傳授相關的寫作技巧之后，教師應鼓勵學生嘗試仿寫或者對課文進行編寫、續寫，從而開拓其寫作思路，培養其寫作思維，提高其寫作水平，以讀促寫，讀寫結合。

以北師大版高中《英語》Module 1 Unit 1 Lesson 1 A Perfect Day?為例，教師在閱讀教學過程中引導學生分析、總結并提煉出下列有效信息：

題材：生活方式（Lifestyles）

體裁：記敘文（Narrative）

話題：不同的生活方式（Different Lifestyles）

話 題 詞 匯：boring，bored，busy，dangerous，active，easy，lazy，exciting，free，interesting，peaceful，relaxing，stressful...

話題句型：

1.My little brother and I usually do our home work after school while my mother is busy doing chores and preparing meals.

2.Of course，he couldn’t be so outstanding without living such a busy and organized lifestyle.

3.The instant he hears his alarm clock goes off，he jumps out of his bed.

4.It usually takes him about half an hour to brush his teeth，wash his face，get dressed up，eat breakfast，set out and get aboard a bus.

5.It happens that he is always the first student to arrive at the classroom and the last one to leave because he is the class monitor.

6.I go through some important documents brought back from the office in order that I can make preparations for the next day’s work.

時態：一般現在時和現在進行時（Present Simple and Present Continuous）

寫作手法：時間順序為主，空間順序為輔（Time Sequence supplemented by spatial order）

文章架構：When（time）—Where（place）—What（activities）—How（ways）

高級詞匯：urgent，remote，portable，document，TV series，switch/turn on，switch/turn off，switch/turn over，haven’t got，go off，get changed，take up，be filled with，bring back，complain about...

學生通過閱讀獲得上述有效的信息輸入之后，就可以利用課本上的練習或者結合實際生活，以討論結合寫作的方式進行輸出。課堂上的輸出部分可直接利用課本資源，即Exercise 10 On Page 9 of Module 1。先讓學生組成兩人合作小組，討論生活方式，邊討論邊做筆記；然后根據上述閱讀輸入信息和提示寫一篇100詞左右的短文，介紹搭檔的生活方式。課后練習的輸出部分要求學生根據閱讀教學的輸入內容和實際生活寫一篇150詞左右的作文，介紹自己正在就讀的學校——合肥市第四中學學生的生活方式。寫作要求如下：

Based on the input during the reading comprehension part，design your perfect day in No.4 senior high school and write a short composition of about 150 words to introduce your lifestyle in No.4 senior high school，using as much Present Simple and Present Continuous as possible.Title：My Perfect Day in Hefei No.4 Middle School.

下面是課堂輸出環節某位學生的習作：

My partner Jim，who has too many rules in his house lives a busy and organized lifestyle.He has to get up at six o’clock every morning while most of his friends are still sleeping.The instant the alarm clock goes off，he jumps out of his bed.It usually takes him about half an hour to brush his teeth，wash his face，get dressed up，eat breakfast，set out and get aboard a bus.It happens that he is always the first student to arrive at the classroom and the last one to leave because he is the class monitor.He can’t meet his friends after school because he has got to walk his dog and do some chores so that he can earn some pocket money.Neither can he listen to music nor can he watch TV on school nights.And he has to be in bed by 10：00 o’clock so that he can have enough sleep.On weekends，he has got to do some washing and cleaning.Besides，he has to go to the Children’s Palace to learn the guitar.Of course，he couldn’t be so outstanding without this busy and organized lifestyle.

二、課文縮寫和句子擴寫

課文縮寫不是把單詞縮寫或把句子縮短，而是指在不改變原文意思的前提下，把比較長的課文縮寫成比較短的文章，保留精髓部分，并進行適當拓展。通常情況下，縮寫后的文章在150詞左右，接近于一篇作文的詞數。

句子擴寫是指把簡單句擴展成復雜句，并運用相關的高級單詞、高級短語和高級句型，同時盡量做到句型的豐富多樣性，避免單一句型的重復性。

學生在對課文進行縮寫的同時，兼顧句子擴寫，盡量做到縮寫后文章短、句子長，句子結構復雜且句型多樣化，如倒裝句、強調句、省略句、主從復合句及非謂語動詞、介詞短語等。

英語教師應成為教學的研究者。通過開展課堂教學研究，教師能對教育理論的體驗和了解進一步深化，對教育實踐的改進和提高更加有效，對學生的學習有更大的促進和幫助，同時能使自身專業發展的能力不斷地、可持續地發展和提高（王薔、張虹2014）。因此，英語教師可以教材中的閱讀課文作為研究對象，對其進行縮寫、改寫、句子擴充和拓展。以北師大版高中《英語》Module 1 Unit 1 Lesson 1 A Perfect Day?為例，原文由兩篇短文組成，分別是A Couch Potato和A Workaholic，講述了兩種截然不同的生活方式——A Couch Potato的生活方式和A Workaholic的生活方式。除標點符號外，共496個單詞。教師可以引導學生把兩篇短文縮寫成兩段，保留重點和精華，對保留下來的原文句子進行擴充，改寫并適當拓展升華。

例如：第一篇文章A Couch Potato中，如下內容簡要概括了Brian Blakey早上醒來后所做的事情：When I awake from sleep，I don’t get out of bed at once.I switch the television on and watch the programs meant for kids and movies dating back to long ago until about half-past eleven.After that I get out of bed，walk downstairs and switch the TV in the sitting room on.

教師可以引導學生把它改寫并擴充成：In the morning，instead of/rather than getting up right away，Brian switch the television on to watch the programs meant for kids and movies dating back to long ago until about half-past eleven，after which he goes downstairs and switches on the TV in the sitting room.

改寫并擴充后的句子含有介詞短語instead of，高級短語rather than及高級句型——定語從句。

第一篇文章A Couch Potato中，如下內容簡要概括了Brian Blakey中午所做的事情：For lunch，I eat some biscuits and drink a glass of milk.After that I go on to watch the news.

教師可以引導學生把它改寫并擴充成：At noon，what he would like to eat and drink are biscuits and a glass of milk in order that he can save more time for watching the news.

改寫并擴充后的句子含有高級句型——主語從句和目的狀語從句。

第一篇文章A Couch Potato中，如下內容簡要概括了Brian Blakey晚上在家中所做的事情：After supper，I like to watch TV series，sports and the news，especially the main news at seven o’clock，the prime time.At eight o’clock，as long as there is a good programme on BBC 1，I switch over and never miss it.Then after nine o’clock，I enjoy more movies and I usually switch the TV off at about three o’clock.I never watch TV throughout the night.

教師可以引導學生把它改寫并擴充成：In the evenings，it’s（a）common practice that he watches TV series，sports or the news.It is not until about 3：00 that he switches off the TV.

改寫并擴充后的句子含有高級句型——主語從句，it作形式主語和強調句型。

第二篇文章A Workaholic中，如下內容簡要概括了Bob Black早上醒來后所做的事情：I normally awake from sleep approximately ten minutes before my alarm clock goes off.The instant I hear my alarm clock ringing，I jump out of my bed.It takes me less than twenty minutes to wash my face，brush my teeth，get dressed up，eat breakfast，set out and get aboard a bus.

教師可以引導學生把它改寫并擴充成：Bob Black，who always gets up early，usually awake from sleep approximately ten minutes before his alarm clock goes off.It usually takes him less than twenty minutes to wash his face，brush his teeth，get dressed up，eat breakfast，set out and get aboard a bus.

改寫并擴充后的句子含有高級句型——定語從句。

第二篇文章A Workaholic中，如下內容簡要概括了Bob Black上班時在辦公室里所忙碌的事情：It happens that I’m always the first person to arrive at the office.The mornings at the office are usually very busy and the afternoons are a lot more busier!Most of the day time is taken up by important meetings as well as phone calls.Nearly every minute of the day is full of urgent matters that require coping with immediately.At about eight o’clock，I usually manage to spare some time to deal with my own paperwork and reply to some private e-mails.

教師可以引導學生把它改寫并擴充成：Being busy and having too much work to do，he is always the first person to get to the office and the last one to leave.So busy is he that nearly every minute of the day is full of urgent matters that require coping with immediately.It’s not until eight o’clock that he manages to spare some time to deal with his personal paperwork and reply to some private e-mails.（Only at about eight o’clock can he manage to spare some time to deal with his personal paperwork and reply to some private e-mails.）

改寫并擴充后的句子含有非謂語動詞作原因狀語及高級句型——倒裝句和強調句。

第二篇文章A Workaholic中，如下內容簡要概括了Bob Black下班后回到家中所從事的事情：After I go back home from work at about ten，I make it a rule to go through some important documents brought back from the office in order that I can make preparations for the next day’s work.

教師可以引導學生把它改寫并擴充成：When going back home from work，he makes it a rule to go through some important documents brought back from the office in order that he can make preparations for the next day’s work.

改寫并擴充后的句子含有非謂語動詞作時間狀語和后置定語，高級句型——定語從句和目的狀語從句和it作形式賓語，不定式作真正的賓語。

第二篇文章A Workaholic中，如下內容簡要表達了Bob Black的家人對他的抱怨與不滿及Bob Black自己的想法：I hardly have free time for fun and other activities with my family members.My wife and children are not satisfied with it and complain a lot about it to me.But I just want to work hard and make more money for them so that they can live a better life.In addition，I become fed up if there’s nothing to do.I am used to being busy.

教師可以引導學生把它改寫并擴充成：Seldom does he have time for fun as well as other activities，which his wife and children are not content with and complain a lot about.But what he wants is to work hard and earn more money so that his family can lead a better life.In addition，he likes being busy and has already been accustomed to it，otherwise，he would become fed up.

改寫并擴充后的句子含有高級短語be content with，be accustomed to和高級句型——倒裝句、定語從句和隱含的虛擬語氣。

此外，又拓展了一句作為結尾：Were he not so occupied with/engaged in his work，he would have more leisure time to keep his family company.

拓展的句子是一個省略倒裝的虛擬語氣句子，且含有高級單詞leisure和高級短語be occupied with/engaged in，keep sb.company。把改寫、擴充和拓展后的句子連句成篇，如下：

In the morning，instead of/rather than getting up right away，Brian switch the television on to watch the programs meant for kids and movies dating back to long ago until about half-past eleven，after which he goes downstairs and switches on the TV in the sitting room.At noon，what he would like to eat and drink are biscuits and a glass of milk in order that he can save more time for watching the news.In the evenings，it’s（a）common practice that he watches TV series，sports or the news.It is not until about 3：00 that he switches off the TV.

Bob Black，who always gets up early，usually awake from sleep approximately ten minutes before his alarm clock goes off.It usually takes him less than twenty minutes to wash his face，brush his teeth，get dressed up，eat breakfast，set out and get aboard a bus.Being busy and having too much work to do，he is always the first person to get to the office and the last one to leave.So busy is he that nearly every minute of the day is full of urgent matters that require coping with immediately.It’s not until eight o’clock that he manages to spare some time to deal with his personal paperwork and reply to some private e-mails.（Only at about eight o’clock can he manage to spare some time to deal with his personal paperwork and reply to some private e-mails.）When going back home from work，he makes it a rule to go through some important documents brought back from the office in order that he can make preparations for the next day’s work.Seldom does he have time for fun as well as other activities，which his wife and children are not content with and complain a lot about.But what he wants is to work hard and earn more money so that his family can lead a better life.In addition，he likes being busy and has already been accustomed to it，otherwise，he would get fed up.Were he not so occupied with/engaged in his work，he would have more leisure time to keep his family company.

這樣的課文縮寫既簡明扼要、句型豐富多樣、高級句型層出不窮，又不乏高級詞匯，且語言充滿美感。學生多讀、多背這樣的課文，多練習改寫、擴充，甚至仿寫，久而久之，寫作能力一定會得到提高。

結語

總之，語言的學習是一個日積月累的漫長過程，寫作能力的培養和提高也絕非一日之功。在高中英語教學中，教師要高度重視語言的載體——教材，要對教材里的閱讀課文物盡其用，用以讀促寫、讀寫結合的方法，并輔助課文縮寫和句子擴寫的訓練，培養和提高學生的英語寫作能力。只有堅持不懈，持之以恒，隨著時間的推移，學生的英語寫作能力才能大大提高。