黨便利 康文臻 孫永濤
摘要:慢性乙型肝炎是一種影響全球公共衛生的傳染病,由于乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)持續感染導致的常見慢性肝臟疾病。免疫應答水平決定了HBV是否繼續感染,其中固有免疫僅能控制HBV的初期感染,而適應性免疫有助于清除感染病毒的細胞并提供長期免疫性保護。因此,機體免疫應答在慢性乙型肝炎的病毒清除、肝臟炎癥損傷、疾病進展及治療中發揮重要作用。本文將慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染的固有免疫和適應性免疫機制作一綜述,以期為臨床治療提供參考。
關鍵詞:慢性乙型肝炎;固有免疫;適應性免疫
中圖分類號:R512.62? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻標識碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2020.09.010
文章編號:1006-1959(2020)09-0029-03
Study on the Immune Mechanism of Chronic Hepatitis B
DANG Bian-li,KANG Wen-zhen,SUN Yong-tao
(Military Infectious Diseases Diagnosis and Treatment Center,Tangdu Hospital,Fourth Military Medical University,
Xi'an 710038,Shaanxi,China)
Abstract:Chronic hepatitis B is an infectious disease that affects global public health.It is a common chronic liver disease caused by continuous infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV). The level of immune response determines whether HBV continues to be infected. Among them, innate immunity can only control the initial infection of HBV, and adaptive immunity helps to remove cells infected with the virus and provide long-term immune protection. Therefore, the body's immune response plays an important role in the viral clearance of chronic hepatitis B, liver inflammation damage, disease progression and treatment. This article reviews the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in order to provide a reference for clinical treatment.
Key words:Chronic hepatitis B;Innate immunity;Adaptive immunity
雖然乙肝疫苗已廣泛使用,但全球仍有超過2.5億人患有慢性乙型肝炎,并存在發展為肝硬化和肝癌的危險[1]。乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)作為一種持久性病毒,在大多數情況下被認為是非細胞疾病,其發病機制是由宿主的固有免疫和適應性免疫應答介導的。盡管HBV最初可能在固有免疫防御中逃逸,T細胞對HBV感染具有細胞病變和非細胞病變雙重抗病毒作用。隨著慢性HBV感染,誘導各種免疫調節或耐受并產生不同程度的效應T細胞功能障礙和肝臟炎癥,從而導致肝臟疾病進展[2]。本文現對慢性乙型肝炎相關的固有免疫和適應性免疫調節機制作一綜述,以期為臨床治療該疾病提供參考。
1固有免疫
乙肝病毒進入后,體內的病原體激活固有免疫應答,從而阻止感染的傳播并刺激適應性免疫應答。固有免疫是通過模式識別受體(pattern recognition receptors,PRRs)識別病原相關分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular patterns,PAMPs)激活,PRRs與PAMPs相互作用并活化相應免疫細胞[3,4]。病毒雙鏈核糖核酸(double-stranded RNA,dsRNA)、單鏈核糖核酸(single-stranded ribonucleic acid,ssRNA)和雙鏈脫氧核糖核酸(double-stranded DNA,dsDNA)被Toll樣受體(TLR3、TLR7、TLR9)、視黃酸誘導基因-I(retinoic acid-inducible gene Ⅰ,RIG-Ⅰ)和黑色素瘤分化因子5(melanoma differentiation factor 5,MDA5)識別,從而激活核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)和Ⅰ型干擾素(interferon,IFN)的下游產物和炎性細胞因子,促進病毒的清除[5]。干擾素尤其是IFN-α(目前用于治療慢性乙型肝炎),通過激活JAK/STAT IFN信號通路在免疫防御中發揮主要作用[6,7]。
病毒感染初期的特征是IFN-α/β的分泌與NK細胞的活化。IFN-α/β細胞因子來源于感染的漿細胞和樹突狀細胞,而IFN-γ主要由自然殺傷細胞(natural killer cell,NK)和自然殺傷T(NKT)細胞產生。除了IFN-α/β外,其他細胞因子,如白細胞介素12(IL-12)和白細胞介素18(IL-18)也參與控制病毒復制感受器。NK在慢性乙型肝炎固有免疫應答過程中具有介導肝細胞凋亡、激活適應性免疫應答等功能[8-10]。另外,單核細胞和巨噬細胞也可能作為效應細胞,參與慢性乙型肝炎的固有免疫調節。慢性乙型肝炎患者肝損傷和肝纖維化的程度與CD16+單核細胞頻率的上調有關,抗病毒細胞因子的分泌和凋亡細胞的清除離不開巨噬細胞[11]。
在HBV感染的黑猩猩實驗中進行肝臟基因表達檢測,首次發現缺乏早期固有免疫激活,導致HBV在固有免疫防御中逃逸,由IFN治療的急性乙型肝炎患者血清水平無法升高,進一步驗證了HBV逃逸現象[12,13]。這種逃逸可能發生于HBV早期感染,通過Ⅰ型IFN依賴的TLRs激活,進而抑制HBV的復制[14]。除了早期感染外,慢性乙型肝炎的爆發與血清干擾素α和IL-8水平升高有關[15]。總之,固有免疫有助于以非特異性抗原的方式控制初期感染,并沒有長期的免疫記憶。
2適應性免疫
慢性乙型肝炎病毒從固有免疫應答過程中逃逸后,病毒感染的細胞將受到適應性免疫的調控。適應性免疫應答的發生源于B和T淋巴細胞系統的異質性,主要變現為B細胞、T細胞增殖過程紊亂、細胞因子產生和效應細胞毒功能紊亂以及體液免疫的部分變化。
2.1 B細胞與HBV? B細胞介導適應性免疫中的體液免疫,通過產生與病毒結合的抗體,有助于抗原呈遞和免疫調節,進而清除或阻斷病毒進入細胞[16]。此外,通過限制病毒傳播對HBV抗體做出應答,可能有助于病毒的控制和清除[17]。B細胞不僅可以產生抗體[18],也可以為T細胞呈遞抗原發揮免疫調節作用,如慢性乙型肝炎中產生IL-10的調節B細胞。乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)陰性的HBV控制者經利妥昔治療后,CD20+B細胞耗竭的同時病毒再次被激活,因此,B細胞在HBV病毒控制中發揮關鍵作用。
2.2 T細胞與HBV? T細胞在慢性乙型肝炎的病毒清除及疾病進展過程中發揮重要作用。隨著CHB患者血清中病毒載量和HBeAg(乙型肝炎E抗原)的升高,CD3+和CD4+細胞以及CD4+/CD8+比例顯著下調,但CD8+細胞數量卻明顯增加。CD8+T細胞可通過分泌IFN-γ和腫瘤壞死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor,TNF-α)等細胞因子或者識別主要組織相容性復合物(major histocompatibility complex,MHC)Ⅰ類分子發揮抗病毒作用[19]。CD4+T細胞經MHC Ⅱ類分子激活并分化為濾泡輔助性T細胞(follicular helper T cell,Tfh)、調節性T細胞(regulatory cells,Tregs)等不同亞型,輔助CD8+T細胞和B細胞發揮抗病毒功能[20,21],部分抗原特異性T細胞可經抗原激活[22]。HBV特異性T細胞通過高表達程序性死亡受體1(programmed cell death protein 1,PD-1)和細胞毒T淋巴細胞相關抗原4(cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4,CTLA-4)等共抑制分子發揮抑制效應T細胞的抗病毒應答功能,并降低靶細胞損傷等作用[23]。HBV特異性T細胞的抗病毒應答功能可由PD-1聯合CD137刺激后阻斷并重建[23]。Tregs和骨髓來源的抑制性細胞(myeloid-derived suppressor cells,MDSCs)的耗竭也發現類似現象。研究發現[24],在CHB患者肝臟和血液中均檢測到分泌高水平IL-17的CD4+T細胞,其與血清中IL-27的高水平相關,這些細胞可能參與肝臟炎癥并發揮保護功能。另外,Th17細胞的增加和Tregs的減少造成了與CHB患者疾病進展負相關的失衡。Wang S等[24]通過對miR-146a在調節CHB患者T細胞免疫反應中的潛在作用和機制進行研究,結果發現與健康對照組相比,CHB患者T細胞中miR-146a的表達明顯上調,且與血清中ALT水平相關。信號轉導和轉錄激活因子1(STAT1)作為miR-146a靶標,參與CD4+和CD8+T細胞的抗病毒細胞因子的產生及細胞毒性,并在體外阻斷CHB患者T細胞中miR-146a表達,可顯著上調病毒特異性T細胞的活性。T細胞分化階段和慢性感染狀態也可能存在其他抑制途徑,如細胞毒T淋巴細胞相關抗原4(cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4,CTLA-4)、B及T淋巴細胞弱化因子(B and T lymphocyte attenuator,BTLA)和T細胞免疫球蛋白域粘蛋白域蛋白-3(T cells immunoglobulindomain and mucin domain protein-3,TIM-3),這些抑制途徑的存在是為了維持肝免疫耐受[25,26]。除了抑制功能,NK細胞通過腫瘤壞死因子相關凋亡誘導配體(TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand,TRAIL)或BCL2家族促凋亡分子(BCL2 interacting mediator of cell death,Bim)等信號通路清除已激活HBV特異性CD8+T細胞[27-29]。此外,炎癥微環境可能通過釋放精氨酸酶并消耗T細胞關鍵營養物質(如精氨酸)或通過分泌細胞因子抑制HBV特異性T細胞的功能[30]。
3總結
慢性乙型肝炎的HBV清除、肝損傷及疾病進展均與機體免疫應答密切相關。固有免疫有助于以非特異性抗原的方式抗病毒免疫防御,并沒有長期的免疫記憶。病毒最初在固有免疫過程中逃逸,提供長期免疫性保護的記憶B細胞和T細胞將清除感染病毒的細胞。雖然近年來HBV治療取得了重大進展,在發達國家已成為一種可控的慢性疾病。然而慢性乙型肝炎還存在免疫耐受、免疫激活和感染炎癥之間平衡的挑戰,因此治愈仍然難以實現。靶向病毒cccDNA和抑制肝炎的同時,增強病毒特異性適應性免疫應答的聯合方法可能為實現和維持慢性乙型肝炎的功能治療提供參考。
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收稿日期:2020-03-02;修回日期:2020-03-13
編輯/杜帆
基金項目:1.“十三五”科技重大專項(編號:2017ZX10202203- 008-003,2017ZX10202101-003-007、2017ZX10202101-004-005、20 17ZX10202102-001-011);2.陜西省重點研發計劃(編號:S2018- YF-YBSF-0852)
作者簡介:黨便利(1986.3-),女,陜西西安人,碩士,研究實習員,主要從事艾滋病免疫學發病機制的研究
通訊作者:康文臻(1966.6-),女,陜西西安人,博士,副教授,主要從事艾滋病免疫學發病機制及診斷的研究