【摘要】語音教學是小學英語教學的重要內容之一。在譯林版《英語》三下Unit 8 We are twins(Fun time & Sound time)一課的教學中,教師重構語音板塊,讓語音教學與自主閱讀同步進行,從而讓學生在故事情境中學習、內化、運用語音知識,并以拼讀促閱讀。
【關鍵詞】小學英語;語音教學;自主閱讀;教學課例
【中圖分類號】G623.31【文獻標志碼】A【文章編號】1005-6009(2020)41-0057-05
【作者簡介】朱曉芳,江蘇省蘇州市金閶外國語實驗學校(江蘇蘇州,215008)校長,高級教師,江蘇省英語特級教師。
語音教學是小學英語教學的重要內容之一。《義務教育英語課程標準(2011年版)》中的語言知識二級標準對小學生的語音學習給出了明確要求:正確讀出26個英文字母;了解簡單的拼讀規律等。譯林版《英語》是一套以三年級為起點的教材,Letter time板塊編排在三上教材中,Sound time板塊分布于三下至六下教材中,前后共編排了26個字母和17個字母組合在單詞中的基本讀音,此外還涉及一些句子的重讀、連讀及語調等,主要強調語音、語調的練習。
雖然譯林版《英語》教材以三年級為起點,但不少地區從一年級就開始教英語,到了三年級,學生已經具備一定的單詞拼讀能力和初步的文本閱讀能力。因此,在這些區域,小學英語語音教學不僅要基于現行教材,更要基于課程標準,對教材中的Letter time和Sound time板塊進行相應的調整:在一年級下學期完成26個字母的教學;從二年級上學期起著重培養低年級學生“見詞能讀、聽音能拼”的能力,同時對教材各單元的目標詞匯提“四會”要求;自三年級下學期起重構教材Sound time板塊,強化語音意識培養,同時將音形義三者相結合,細化語音規則,并有計劃地拓展課外閱讀,以拼讀促閱讀,從而提升學生的自主閱讀能力。
在譯林版《英語》三下Unit 8 We are twins(Fun time & Sound time)一課的教學中,教師引領學生將字母n的發音及拼讀規律的學習融于以含有字母n的繪本為語料、以Who is...? He/ She is ...目標句型為支架、以小組合作為方式的語言實踐活動中。教師梳理語音要點,幫助學生建構字母與其發音之間一一對應的關系,并促使學生將語音知識遷移至新詞的學習中,從而自然地習得發音規則。此外,本節課的語音教學與自主閱讀同步進行,學生在故事情境中學習、內化、運用語音知識,并以拼讀促閱讀。
一、視聽說融入,強化語音意識
Warm up
學生欣賞、跟唱歌曲Look at my family photo.
學生跟唱歌曲(歌曲涵蓋本單元的目標詞匯及關于人物關系的新詞),既激活已學知識,又拓寬知識面,更能為語言輸出奠定基礎。此外,韻律感十足的歌曲可激發學生的學習熱情。
Free talk(Revision)
T: There are some people here. Do you know them? You can guess.
游戲:Quick response
Whos he(that boy)? Hes Mike./Whos he(that man)?Hes Mikes uncle./Whos she(that girl)?Shes Yang Ling./Whos she(that woman)?Shes Yang Lings aunt./Who are they(the girls)? Theyre Su Hai and Su Yang. They are twins.
詞不離句,句不離境是英語教學的基本原則,所以語音在特定語境的詞句游戲中更易被學生理解與掌握。在快速問答環節中,學生整體回顧Story time板塊的內容,同時圍繞Unit 4 My family(Story time)中出現的人物,用句型Who is...?對人物關系進行問答。通過問答,學生感悟字母n在不同單詞中的發音,從而建立起字母和語音之間的對應關系并提升習得新單詞的能力。
二、唱演玩融會,細化語音規律
T(:呈現一張嬰兒的照片)Who is it? Its a
baby. We dont know who it is.
游戲:Guessing Time
T: Look,it was him several years ago. Now he is a boy. I give you some information about him-N(name): Nick,n(age): nine,n(thing): a new book. Can you say something about him?
T: This is a girl. Who is she?I give you some information about her-N(name):Nancy,n(age): ten,n(thing):a pen. Can you say something about her?
T: Please say something about Nick and Nancy.First,please read the sentences together. Then read them quickly.

三、音形義融合,內化語音素養
學習Fun time板塊
T: Who can you see in the story?(出示Kipper一家的三張照片)
Students watch the video of making a family tree by Kipper first. And then say something according to Kippers family tree.
Kippers family tree
Hello! Im Kipper. I am making my family tree.Look! This is me. I have a sister Biff and a brother Chip. The tall man is my father. The nice woman is my mother. Our mother has a brother. Hes my uncle. The woman in the hat is my aunt. She is my uncles wife.The old man is mygrandfather.Theoldwomanismy grandmother. They are my mother and my uncles parents.I love my family.
本課采用激活舊圖式—建立新圖式—遷移新圖式的教法,由繪本What a din!引出主人公 Kipper一家的全家福,然后談論人物間的關系,這可幫助學生復習已學過的人物關系詞匯,特別是帶有n的單詞,同時能激活學生的已有圖式,并幫助其建立字母、詞匯、故事之間的聯系。學生在小組合作中完成任務——制作家譜,建立新圖式,并用新穎的方式來實現對新故事的朗讀、理解。
Read,Make and Say
T: Kipper can make his family tree. He has six story books to read and make the family trees. Can you help him? I think all of you can do it.
My family(Level 1)
This is my mother.This is my father.This is my grandpa.This is my grandma.This is my uncle. This is my aunt.This is my sister.This is me. Im Tony.This is my family.
The baby monkeys family(Level 1)
Hello! My name is Baby Monkey.This is my family.This is my dad.This is my mum.This is my sister.This is my brother.This is my grandma. This is my pet... Shark! We are the monkey family!
Family(Level 2)
Hi,Mary!/Hello,Tom!/Mary,this is my grandma./Welcome!/This is Jack,my brother./He is big./My mom and dad./Nice to meet you./Nice to meet you,too./She is Linda,my sister./Oh! She is pretty!/And this is my little brother./Hello!/ Aaah...
Ninos family(Level 2)
Hello,my name is Bolooloo./Whats your name? My names Nino./Who is she? She is my mommy./Ahhhhh... Help./Who is he? He is my daddy./Who is he? Hahaha,he is my brother. So cute. She is my sister./Help! Help! Help! Help!/ Who is she? She is my grandma./This is my family.
I love my family(Level 3)This is my family./This is my father. He is handsome. He is a policeman. I like him. This is my grandfather. He is old. This is my grandmother. She is old,too. She likes swimming very much. This is my mother. She is pretty. They are my sister and brother. They are cute. They like to watch TV. They like cartoons. Finally,My name is Jill. I am 7 years old. I love my family.
Bens family(Level 3)
Look,what I have. Its a camera. Im going to take pictures of my family.This is my father. What is he doing? He is washing a car. This is my mother. What is she doing? She is cooking in the kitchen.This is my brother. What is he doing? He is blowing bubbles in the back yard.This is my grandfather. What is he doing? He is reading a book in the living room.This is my sister. What is she doing? She is playing the piano.These are photos of my family. Arent they great?
T: First,you should be a best reader. Choose the story you like,then read it by yourself. Next,you should be a great maker. Make the family tree in your group. Stick the photosof familymembers—Writedownthe names of the relation—Draw lines. Finally,you should be a super speaker. Talk about the other family tree. If you can ask three questions with“who”,then say something about it,you are the super speaker.
基于學生的詞匯量,結合本單元的語音及詞句學習目標,筆者創編了三種難度系數的六個小故事,同時還制作了六本圖文結合并帶錄音示范的電子書。學生在平板電腦上聽讀自己喜歡又符合自己閱讀能力的故事,模仿跟讀錄音示范,從而強化詞匯音形義之間的聯系。學生從獨立運用單詞到進行對話交流再到用關鍵詞來解釋人物關系,以點帶面,遷移新圖式,將故事內容串接了起來,同時思辨能力也能得到有效提升。
小組合作是強化語音體驗、內化語音規律、提升語音素養的重要途徑。學生從繪本中提取關鍵詞,梳理人物關系。在弄清故事結構及人物關系的基礎上,學生在小組一體機上完成Family tree的制作,而最終的語言輸出活動則是介紹家譜,介紹后,學生在組內評議出Best Reader,Great Maker,Super Speaker。
讓學生運用所學語音規律進行自主閱讀,讓學生在同伴對話中邊說邊做,讓學生在真實情境下組織語言描述人物關系,這有助于提高學生的語音及語用能力。構建以拼讀促閱讀的綜合語用活動,可發展學生在語境中提出問題、分析問題和解決問題的能力,同時還能讓學生經歷重發現、重思考、重過程、重實踐的學習過程。
阿基米德說過:給我一個支點,我可以撬起地球。重整再構Sound time板塊,合理優化語音教學,幫助學生掌握發音規律,提升“見詞能讀、聽音能拼”的語音素養,就是給予學生一個撬動英語自主閱讀的支點。如此,學生便能開啟拼讀領先、聽讀結合、促說帶寫的自主閱讀之旅,進而全面提升英語學科核心素養。