

篇章分析(discourse analysis)包括宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)分析和微觀結(jié)構(gòu)分析。宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)分析主要是體裁(genre),篇章類型( text type),篇章模式( textual pattern),篇章策略連續(xù)體( text - strategic continuity)。微觀結(jié)構(gòu)分析則是語(yǔ)法銜接(grammatical coherence)和詞匯銜接(lexical cohesion)
本文以人教版高一英語(yǔ)M1U3 Travel Journey 為例,闡釋語(yǔ)篇分析在高中英語(yǔ)閱讀課教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)中的應(yīng)用。本課的教學(xué)模式給出的例子來(lái)自高考閱讀、跨學(xué)科等材料,啟發(fā)學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)規(guī)律,總結(jié)并傳授相關(guān)語(yǔ)篇分析基本知識(shí),然后運(yùn)用到本課的閱讀篇章分析中。
首先,本節(jié)課共設(shè)計(jì)為五個(gè)部分:第一部分,體裁、篇章類型(語(yǔ)體風(fēng)格);第二部分篇章策略連續(xù)體;第三部分,人物品質(zhì)描寫、段落組成、語(yǔ)義場(chǎng)、詞匯銜接;第四部分,語(yǔ)法銜接;第五部分,運(yùn)用。
本課教學(xué)目的:Students will be able to.
1. Learn the basic knowledge about discourse analysis(了解語(yǔ)篇分析的基本知識(shí))。
2. Figure out the genre, textual pattern, text-strategic continuity of the text(弄清楚文章體裁,篇章策略連續(xù)體)。
3. Analyze the structure of each paragraph(分析每段的結(jié)構(gòu))。
4. Grasp some skills of cohesion and coherence of discourse(掌握語(yǔ)篇的形連和意連)。
第一部分,體裁、篇章類型(語(yǔ)體風(fēng)格):以圖片的形式展示導(dǎo)入部分 ?My trip in Switzerland,然后匯集成文如下。
This summer vacation...During the first several days, ...a famous attraction ... beautiful...In the next few days, ...small ...grand ...At last, ... most popular tourist destinations ....slow, relaxing and romantic ...
通過(guò)下劃線和框出的線索詞引導(dǎo)學(xué)生說(shuō)出文體Narrative(敘述),Descriptive(描寫)。
接著進(jìn)入閱讀部分講解文章體裁的類型(語(yǔ)篇分析基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)一)expository(說(shuō)明類),descriptive(描寫類),narrative(敘述類),argumentative(論辯類),persuasive(說(shuō)理類),instructive(指導(dǎo)類)。
第二部分篇章策略連續(xù)體。以How does the writer bring out the theme——the dream and the plan in the first paragraph? 為問(wèn)題,指導(dǎo)學(xué)生Find out the lexical chains to help you。
以How does the writer develop the text?為啟發(fā)問(wèn)題,導(dǎo)出語(yǔ)篇分析基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)二:篇章策略連續(xù)體。包括:時(shí)間連續(xù)體(continuity of time),人物連續(xù)體(continuity of participants),主題連續(xù)體,(continuity of topics)空間連續(xù)體(continuity of space),行為連續(xù)體(continuity of action)。
然后以高考試題為例展示語(yǔ)篇分析是如何在高考閱讀題中考查的。...In his late teens, ... At that time, ... soon ... ? 61. The third paragraph is developed __C__.
A. by space ? ? B. by examples
C. by time ? ? ? D. by comparison
回到課文,模仿高考題設(shè)置課文閱讀問(wèn)題。Task 3: The first paragraph is developed __C___.
A. by space ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. by examples
C. by time ? ? ? ? D. by comparison
把高考閱讀和平時(shí)的課文閱讀結(jié)合起來(lái)在語(yǔ)篇分析的理念下進(jìn)行解讀與理解,讓學(xué)生在更高的角度來(lái)理解課文。
第三部分:人物品質(zhì)描寫、語(yǔ)義場(chǎng)、詞匯銜接、段落組成。語(yǔ)篇分析基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)三Quality+ supporting details。
給學(xué)生舉例子,如:
1. Wayne is very shy. For example, he finds it difficult to make new friends.
2. He speaks in a soft voice as if he were whispering.(referring to the way they speak)
3. She constantly uses her hands when she speaks.(describing the gestures they use)
4. Jason always bites his nails when he is nervous.(mentioning a particular habit they have.)
以表格的形式找到課文有關(guān)人物性格描寫的詞,和支持要點(diǎn)。
語(yǔ)篇分析基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)四:語(yǔ)義場(chǎng)——同一話題場(chǎng)景詞匯:情緒、態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)。包括positive(正面)和 negative(負(fù)面)。要求學(xué)生進(jìn)行討論:Try to find out my attitude towards her. Stubborn, but I am fond of her. Find the clue.引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行語(yǔ)義場(chǎng)詞匯鏈分析。
Pa2: ... one serious shortcoming. ... stubborn. ...determined ... would not change her mind. ... made up her mind, nothing can change it. ...(過(guò)渡句,我的態(tài)度)
語(yǔ)義場(chǎng)——突出主題意義。
段落組成:總(general)-分(specific)-總(general)
Topic sentence——Qualities and supporting justification——Finally, I had to give in.
第四部分:語(yǔ)法銜接,連貫。語(yǔ)篇分析基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)五:銜接包括語(yǔ)法銜接,詞匯銜接和篇章策略。
語(yǔ)法銜接手段包括:指稱:人稱指稱,指示指稱,比較指稱等;替代;省略 ;連接:增補(bǔ)型(Additive),轉(zhuǎn)折型(adversative),因果型(causal),時(shí)間型(temporal)、并列、列舉、條件、讓步等。詞匯銜接(lexical cohesion)手段包括:1.重現(xiàn):(1)原詞重復(fù)(Repetition);(2)同義、近義詞關(guān)聯(lián)(synonym or near-synonym);(3)上下義關(guān)系(hyponymy),上義詞:總——概括,下義詞:分-被包含同現(xiàn)。2.固定搭配(collocation),3.語(yǔ)義場(chǎng)(同一話題場(chǎng)景詞匯)——形成詞匯鏈(lexical chain)。
然后轉(zhuǎn)回到閱讀課文,進(jìn)行銜接分析。包括語(yǔ)法銜接,詞匯銜接和篇章策略。
Several months before our trip, Wang Wei and I went to the library. In the library(填入省略的詞) , we found a large atlas with good maps that showed details of world geography.
1. From the atlas ... River begins in a glacier ...
1. 起源
2. ... the water is clear and cold.
2. 水質(zhì)
3. ....move quickly.
3. 流速
4. ...it passes through deep valleys, traveling across ...
4.途經(jīng)地區(qū)——路徑
5. ... a water fall and enters wide valleys. We ...learn that half of ...
5.承上啟下:過(guò)渡句
6. After it leaves ...the Mekong becomes wide, brown and warm.
6.離境后水質(zhì)的變化
7. It makes wide bends or meanders through low valleys...
7.離境后流速、路徑的變化
8. At last, the river delta enters ...
8. 最終流入南中國(guó)海
第五部分總結(jié)給學(xué)生:句子鏈接主要是代詞和連詞。最后起到形連和意連的目的。
第六部分:總結(jié)。
最后引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行總結(jié)。
以上就是語(yǔ)篇分析在高中英語(yǔ)閱讀課教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)中的一個(gè)應(yīng)用案例。這只是一節(jié)課的應(yīng)用,不能解析所有的語(yǔ)篇分析知識(shí)。希望有感興趣的老師能在閱讀教學(xué)中運(yùn)用語(yǔ)篇分析知識(shí)來(lái)提高我們的閱讀教學(xué)能力。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]胡壯麟.新編語(yǔ)篇的銜接與連貫[M].上海:華東師范大學(xué)出版社, 2018.
[2]教育部.普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2017年版2020年修訂)[S].北京:人民教育出版社,2020.
【作者簡(jiǎn)介】聶桂花,廣東實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)附屬天河學(xué)校。