張慎榮 周芳 邵啟民



[關鍵詞] 川崎病;靜脈丙種球蛋白無反應;糖皮質激素;冠狀動脈損害
[中圖分類號] R5? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2021)18-0057-04
Clinical study of combination treatment of glucocorticoid and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in IVIG unresponsive Kawasaki disease
ZHANG Shenrong? ?ZHOU Fang? ?SHAO Qimin
Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Nephrology, Hangzhou Children′s Hospital, Hangzhou? ?310014, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the combination treatment of glucocorticoid and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in IVIG unresponsive Kawasaki disease(KD). Methods Date of 68 cases with initial IVIG unresponsive KD in Hangzhou Children's Hospital were collected from June 2016 to June 2020 and were divided into group A (IVIG) and group B (glucocorticoid combined with IVIG) according to re-treatment methods. 42 cases were in group A and 26 cases were in group B. The whole fever time,duration of fever after re-treatment,coronary arteries lesion,laboratory examination results of WBC, PLT, hsCRP,ESR, IL-6 before and one week after re-treatment were analyzed in the two groups. Results The whole fever time,duration of fever after re-treatment of group B were shorter than that of group A(P<0.05).The incidence of coronary artery dilatation and coronary artery aneurysm in group B were slightly higher than those in group A, but there were no significant differenc (P>0.05). The WBC of group B after re-treatment was higher than that of group A, and the difference of group B before and re-treatment was lower than that of group A.The difference of hsCRP before and after re-treatment in group B was higher than that in group A. After re-treatment, IL-6 in group B was lower than that in group A, and the? difference of IL-6 in group B before and after re-treatment was higher than that in group A, with statistical significance (P<0.05). Conclusion? Both schemes were effective in the treatment of IVIG unresponsive KD.There was no significant difference in the incidence of coronary artery lesion between the two groups. Glucocorticoid combined with IVIG did not increase the risk of coronary artery lesion. Different treatment regimens had effects on the levels of WBC, hsCRP and IL-6 in the two groups before and after re-treatment. Compared with IVIG alone, glucocorticoid combined with IVIG in the acute stage of KD could better control the inflammatory indexes of IVIG unresponsive KD children and shorten the time of fever.
[Key words] Kawasaki disease; No response to intravenous gamma globulin; Glucocorticoids; Coronary arteries lesion
川崎病(Kawasaki disease,KD)是一種以全身血管炎為主要病變的急性發熱性疾病,好發于5歲以下嬰幼兒[1],冠狀動脈損害(coronary arteries lesion,CAL)是其嚴重并發癥。靜脈注射丙種球蛋白(intravenous immunoglobulin,IVIG)的應用大大降低了KD 患兒冠脈損害的發生率,但仍有10%~20%的川崎病患兒接受首劑IVIG治療后失敗,這部分患兒稱之為IVIG無反應型KD,其發生CAL的風險增高[2,3]。本文通過對IVIG無反應型KD患兒進行病例回顧性分析,比較糖皮質激素聯合IVIG與僅應用IVIG治療IVIG無反應型KD的臨床效果,尋找更有利于IVIG無反應型KD患兒的治療方案。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2016年6月至2020年6月于我院住院治療的確診為IVIG無反應型KD患兒68例作為研究對象,入選標準:診斷符合2004年及2017年美國心臟協會發布的《川崎病的診斷、治療及遠期管理》聲明中IVIG無反應型KD定義:在首劑IVIG治療36 h后仍持續發熱或再次出現發熱[2];在首劑IVIG治療完成后至少36 h仍持續發熱或再次出現發熱[3]。排除合并嚴重心肝腎疾病及精神疾病者,兩組患者均對本研究知情同意且簽署知情同意書,并經倫理委員會審批通過檢查。根據再次治療方案不同分為A組和B組,兩組患者的性別、年齡、病程等一般資料比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 治療方法
根據再次治療方案不同分為A組和B組,A組為僅應用第2劑IVIG(2 g/kg)治療,共42例;B組為激素聯合第2劑IVIG治療(起始靜脈滴注甲潑尼龍2 mg/(kg·d),后根據退熱情況改潑尼松(華中藥業股份有限公司,國藥準字H42021394)1~2 mg/(kg·d)分次口服,2~3周逐漸減停),共26例,兩組均口服阿司匹林。
1.3 觀察指標
①總熱程(發熱開始至治療后體溫穩定48 h的總天數);②熱退時間(再次治療當天至體溫穩定48 h所需時間);③實驗室檢測結果:治療前(再次治療前最近1次檢查結果)、治療后(再次治療后最接近1周時)白細胞(WBC)、血小板(PLT)、超敏C反應蛋白(hs-CRP)、血沉、IL-6,并計算治療前后差值;④治療后1周以內超聲心動圖評價CAL情況。
1.4 CAL診斷及分類標準[8]
根據超聲心動圖檢查結果分類。①超聲心動圖正常指冠狀動脈壁光滑,回聲細薄,無任何部位擴張。冠狀動脈內徑:0~3歲<2.5 mm,~9歲<3.0 mm,~14 歲<3.5 mm。②冠狀動脈擴張(CAD)指冠狀動脈內徑超過上述標準但<4.0 mm,冠狀動脈內徑/主動脈根部內徑(CA/AO)<0.3。③冠狀動脈瘤(CAA)指不同形狀的冠狀動脈擴張,冠狀動脈內徑為4~7 mm,CA/AO>0.3,或冠狀動脈呈瘤狀擴張。④巨大冠狀動脈瘤:冠狀動脈內徑≥8.0 mm,CA/AO≥0.6。
1.5 統計學處理
采用SPSS 22.0軟件對數據進行分析和處理,正態分布計量資料采用均數±標準差表示,組間比較采用t檢驗。非正態分布計量資料以中位數(P25~P75)表示,采用Mann-whitney U檢驗。計數資料用[n(%)]表示,組間比較分別應用Pearson χ2檢驗和Fishers確切概率法。P<0.05表示差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 兩組患兒的臨床時間比較
IVIG無反應型KD患兒68例,其中男54例,女14例,男女性別比為3.86∶1;月齡最小3個月,最大10歲11個月,中位數24.7個月。兩組患兒在性別、年齡方面比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。B組患兒總熱程、熱退時間均短于A組患兒,差異有統計學意義(P均<0.05)。見表1。
2.2 兩組患兒冠狀動脈損害情況
兩種方案治療IVIG耐藥型KD均有效,B組冠狀動脈擴張及冠脈瘤發生率均略高于A組,但差異無統計學意義(P>0.05);兩組冠狀動脈損害發生率差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。見表2。
2.3 兩組患兒治療前后實驗室指標比較
不同治療方案對兩組患兒治療前后WBC、hs-CRP、IL-6水平存在影響,B組治療后WBC高于A組,B組WBC治療前后差值低于A組;B組治療前hs-CRP及治療前后hs-CRP差值均高于A組;B組治療后IL-6低于A組,B組IL-6治療前后差值高于A組,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05)。見表3。
3 討論
KD患兒發病率和患病數持續上升,現已成為發達國家兒童獲得性心臟病最常見的病因[1,4]。IVIG的應用大大降低了KD 患兒CAL發生率,但仍有10%~20%的患兒對IVIG耐藥,且這部分患兒發生冠狀動脈擴張(coronary artery dilatation,CAD)及冠狀動脈瘤(coronary artery aneurysm,CAA)風險增高[5],遠期出現缺血性心臟病、動脈粥樣硬化等發生的風險增大[6,7],是成年后發生嚴重心血管事件的危險因素之一[8,9]。因此為這部分患兒尋找更有利的治療方案非常重要。目前治療包括第二劑IVIG、第二劑IVIG+糖皮質激素、英夫利昔單抗單次靜脈注射、環孢霉素靜脈注射或口服、阿那白滯素皮下注射及環磷酰胺靜脈注射和血漿置換等[3,10-12],但選擇上尚存在爭議。
糖皮質激素可抑制免疫反應,具有強大的抗議效果,是臨床治療多種血管炎的一線藥物[13-15]。隨著對其在KD臨床療效及冠脈病變的長期及深入研究,發現糖皮質激素不但不會誘發CAL,還能迅速改善炎性反應[2,3,16,17]。2017年美國心臟病協會修訂了KD診斷、治療和長期隨訪指南中明確提出對于IVIG無反應型KD患兒可使用IVIG+糖皮質激素,并推薦2種激素使用劑量;對于首次治療直接使用糖皮質激素存在爭議,但如預測KD患兒有IVIG耐藥高風險,及時加用糖皮質激素治療安全有效[3]。
Zhu等[18]及 Yang等[19]均通過Mate分析發現糖皮質激素不增加KD冠脈擴張發生率,且可明顯縮短熱程。本研究中B組熱退時間及總熱程均短于A組,表明較之單純使用第2劑IVIG治療IVIG無反應型KD,糖皮質激素聯合IVIG的治療方案退熱快并可縮短總熱程。與上述學者的研究結論一致。
本研究中B組患兒出現冠狀動脈擴張及冠脈瘤發生率均略高于A組,但無統計學差異,提示應用糖皮質激素并沒有增加急性期IVIG無反應型KD患兒冠狀動脈損害的發生風險。國內研究表明在IVIG無反應型KD患兒的遠期隨訪中等也未發現糖皮質激素應用后存在冠脈損害風險增加[20]。
在炎癥控制方面,通過比較本研究兩種治療方案的實驗室指標發現,B組治療前hsCRP及治療前后hsCRP差值均高于A組,B組治療后IL-6低于A組,B組IL-6治療前后差值高于A組,以上提示聯合應用糖皮質激素后急性期炎癥指標hsCRP及IL-6的下降幅度更明顯,表明糖皮質激素+IVIG急性期治療效果肯定,且降低炎癥指標方面優于IVIG,對于IVIG不敏感的KD患兒再次應用IVIG時可立即加用糖皮質激素以改善急性期炎癥。兩組患兒血沉、PLT治療前后及差值無統計學差異,表明對IVIG無反應型KD患兒急性期應用激素安全、有效,并不會增加冠脈病變發生的風險。至于初始IVIG治療無反應后直接應用糖皮質激素是否也能緩解癥狀,因本研究未納入此方案病例,需臨床研究進一步證實。
糖皮質激素抗炎效果肯定,醫療費用低,較之價格昂貴且有輸血相關風險的IVIG,其成本效益占有明顯優勢,可預見糖皮質激素對于IVIG無反應型KD的治療有廣闊的前景。
本研究樣本量尚小,結論存在局限性,未進行冠脈病變的遠期隨訪,尚需大樣本量及長期隨訪進一步研究。
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(收稿日期:2021-01-09)