


【摘要】 目的探索數(shù)字化導(dǎo)板引導(dǎo)下,單顆牙缺失區(qū)域?qū)ΨN植體植入精確度的影響,并研究誤差產(chǎn)生的原因以及可能的解決辦法。 方法研究93例患者植入的132枚種植體?;颊咝g(shù)前的口內(nèi)掃描數(shù)據(jù)或傳統(tǒng)取模數(shù)據(jù)與圓錐束計(jì)算機(jī)斷層掃描(CBCT)數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)合,以3D打印手術(shù)導(dǎo)板引導(dǎo)種植體植入,術(shù)后通過(guò)CBCT測(cè)量種植體三維方向上與術(shù)前設(shè)計(jì)的偏移距離的誤差絕對(duì)值,比較術(shù)前術(shù)后的誤差。 結(jié)果前牙區(qū)缺失與后牙區(qū)缺失的植入誤差之間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05),游離端缺失時(shí)在頰舌向及冠根向的誤差高于前牙區(qū)及后牙區(qū)植入誤差(Plt;0.001)。而在游離端缺失的病例中,通過(guò)使用傳統(tǒng)取模倉(cāng)掃數(shù)據(jù)制作的手術(shù)導(dǎo)板與使用口內(nèi)掃描數(shù)據(jù)相比,冠根向的植入精確度明顯更高(Plt;0.001)。 結(jié)論在數(shù)字化導(dǎo)板引導(dǎo)下,單顆牙種植的病例中游離端缺失病例的頰舌向和冠根向誤差明顯高于非游離端病例。而在游離端病例中,通過(guò)倉(cāng)掃傳統(tǒng)研究模型制作的數(shù)字化導(dǎo)板能降低游離端缺失位點(diǎn)的植入的誤差。
【關(guān)鍵詞】種植;精確度;數(shù)字化導(dǎo)板;植入?yún)^(qū)域;游離端缺失
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào): R783.6文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: ADOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-1383.2024.02.008
Analysis of accuracy of" single tooth implants in different regions guided by digital guide plates
ZHENG Rixin, QIN Xiaodan, LIU Quan
【Abstract】 ObjectiveTo explore the impact of single tooth loss area on implant accuracy guided by digital guide plate, and to study the causes of errors and possible solutions. Methods132 implants implanted in 93 patients were studied. Patients' preoperative intraoral scanning data or traditional mold acquisition data were combined with CBCT data, and 3D printing surgical guide plate was used to guide implant implantation. After surgery, the absolute error" value of the deviation distance between the three-dimensional direction of the implant and the preoperative design were measured by CBCT, and the errors before and after treatment were compared. ResultsThere was no statistically significant difference in implant errors between anterior and posterior tooth loss (Pgt;0.05)," when" distal-extension was missing, the errors in the buccal lingual and coronal root directions were higher than the implantation errors in the anterior and posterior tooth areas (Plt;0.001). However, in cases with distal-extension absence, the surgical guide plate made by traditional mold retrieval chamber scanning data had significantly higher implantation accuracy in the coronal root direction compared to that made by intraoral scanning data (Plt;0.001). ConclusionAmong cases with single tooth implantation, the errors in the buccal lingual and coronal root directions of cases with distal-extension absence are significantly higher than cases without distal-extension absence under the guidance of the digital surgical plate. But in cases with distal-extension absence, the digital guide plate made by scanning the traditional research model can reduce the implantation error of the missing site at the" distal-extension absence.
【Keywords】implantation; accuracy; digital guide plate; implant area; distal-extension absence
牙列缺損是臨床上最常見(jiàn)的疾病之一,而種植義齒修復(fù)是目前較為理想的修復(fù)方式[1]。隨著口腔種植學(xué)的發(fā)展,種植義齒修復(fù)日趨成熟。為優(yōu)化種植修復(fù)流程,數(shù)字化引導(dǎo)技術(shù)應(yīng)運(yùn)而生[2],1987年口內(nèi)掃描問(wèn)世[3],為口腔科治療帶來(lái)新的突破??趦?nèi)掃描為種植患者提供可定制的醫(yī)療解決方案[4];圓錐束計(jì)算機(jī)斷層掃描(CBCT)明確缺牙區(qū)骨量、骨質(zhì)類(lèi)型以及重要解剖結(jié)構(gòu)的位置,能夠有效幫助醫(yī)生進(jìn)行術(shù)前種植體植入的設(shè)計(jì)[5-6]。二者相結(jié)合在計(jì)算機(jī)輔助下制作的數(shù)字化導(dǎo)板,可有效還原術(shù)前計(jì)劃,簡(jiǎn)化種植外科程序[7-8],控制種植體植入的三維位置及角度[9]。種植手術(shù)導(dǎo)板的精確度得到眾多學(xué)者的認(rèn)可[10-12],且隨著種植學(xué)的發(fā)展,精確度也不斷得到提高[13]。然而即便是數(shù)字化導(dǎo)板,也存在一定的誤差[14]。但牙列缺損患者具體情況各有不同,導(dǎo)板能否普遍提高種植體植入的精確度,臨床研究鮮有報(bào)道。有學(xué)者在對(duì)體外模型進(jìn)行研究后,提出導(dǎo)板的穩(wěn)定性和重復(fù)性可能與支持的牙位有關(guān)[15]。而牙列缺損患者缺牙區(qū)域各有不同,為探索種植手術(shù)中導(dǎo)板引導(dǎo)是否能普遍提高種植體植入的精確度,并研究提高精確度的解決辦法,本研究旨在觀察數(shù)字化導(dǎo)板引導(dǎo)下,不同缺牙區(qū)域的種植體植入精確度的差別,對(duì)于植入精度較低的缺牙區(qū)域,分析誤差來(lái)源,并探討解決方法。
1 對(duì)象與方法
1.1 研究對(duì)象
本研究分為兩個(gè)階段。第一階段為前瞻性研究,納入了2019年1月至2021年12月于柳州市工人醫(yī)院口腔科就診的49例診斷為牙列缺損的患者,缺牙數(shù)量58顆,納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①健康成人,口內(nèi)有不連續(xù)的單顆牙缺失,除缺牙區(qū)域位于最后一顆牙的遠(yuǎn)中者,缺牙區(qū)兩端均要求有健康鄰牙,要求單顆牙的種植義齒修復(fù);②鄰牙健康,無(wú)牙體缺損及根尖周疾病,無(wú)傾斜;③張口度正常,可接受口內(nèi)掃描;④咽反射正常,可戴入手術(shù)導(dǎo)板且能配合完成手術(shù);⑤口腔衛(wèi)生良好:全口菌斑指數(shù)≤25%;⑥接受術(shù)前與術(shù)后的影像學(xué)檢查。患者年齡18~80歲,其中男性21例,女性28例,平均年齡51歲?;颊唧w健,均接受治療方案,并簽署知情同意書(shū)。第二階段為前瞻性研究,納入了2021年12月至2022年10月在柳州市工人醫(yī)院口腔科就診的44例診斷為牙列缺損的患者,缺牙數(shù)量74顆,納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①健康成人,口內(nèi)最后一顆牙的遠(yuǎn)中有牙缺失,要求單顆牙的種植義齒修復(fù);②鄰牙健康,無(wú)牙體缺損及根尖周疾病,無(wú)傾斜;③張口度正常,可接受口內(nèi)掃描;④咽反射正常,可戴入手術(shù)導(dǎo)板且能配合完成手術(shù);⑤口腔衛(wèi)生良好:全口菌斑指數(shù)≤25%;⑥接受術(shù)前與術(shù)后的影像學(xué)檢查?;颊吣挲g18~80歲,其中男性25例,女性19例,平均年齡56歲。患者體健,均接受治療方案,并簽署知情同意書(shū)。排除如下禁忌證:①嚴(yán)重的全身系統(tǒng)性疾病,牙種植術(shù)的禁忌證;②牙周炎處于活躍期的牙周病患者;③未經(jīng)治療的嚴(yán)重的顳下頜關(guān)節(jié)紊亂或夜磨牙癥;④影響種植體骨結(jié)合的嚴(yán)重的骨缺損;⑤嚴(yán)重的精神疾病,或依從性不良者;⑥有嚴(yán)重吸煙或酗酒習(xí)慣者;⑦懷孕或哺乳期。納入本研究的患者缺牙位置所分布的象限如表1所示。
1.2 治療流程
對(duì)納入本研究的患者進(jìn)行病史采集和臨床檢查后,由同一名醫(yī)生在術(shù)前為患者拍攝CBCT (NewTown VG,意大利)。通過(guò)口內(nèi)掃描系統(tǒng)(3 shape TRIOS,中國(guó))取得數(shù)字化研究模型;通過(guò)傳統(tǒng)硅橡膠印模,超硬石膏灌注獲得石膏研究模型,石膏模型將使用智能數(shù)控掃描裝置(Sirona inEos X5,中國(guó))進(jìn)行倉(cāng)掃,最終取得石膏模型的數(shù)字化研究模型。隨后,CBCT數(shù)據(jù)以DICOM(醫(yī)學(xué)數(shù)字成像和通信)格式輸入到3 shape軟件程序中,與數(shù)字化模型相結(jié)合。在軟件上設(shè)計(jì)診斷蠟型,根據(jù)蠟型設(shè)計(jì)種植體直徑、長(zhǎng)度及植入三維方向。確認(rèn)后根據(jù)圖像配準(zhǔn)和術(shù)前規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)種植導(dǎo)板,以STL (standard template library)格式輸出。STL數(shù)據(jù)輸入Materialise Magics 24.0進(jìn)行手術(shù)導(dǎo)板的排版,立信三維打印機(jī)打印導(dǎo)板。所有患者均由同一位醫(yī)生進(jìn)行術(shù)前設(shè)計(jì)以及種植體植入手術(shù)。93例患者共植入132枚種植體(Neobiotech,韓國(guó)),術(shù)后均行CBCT掃描。流程如圖1所示。
1.3 種植體植入精度的測(cè)量
術(shù)后CBCT掃描得到的DICOM數(shù)據(jù)輸入Mimics Reasearch軟件,以STL格式重建并與術(shù)前規(guī)劃數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行圖像配準(zhǔn),根據(jù)配準(zhǔn)的圖像測(cè)量計(jì)劃種植體位置與實(shí)際位置的偏差,以比較植入的準(zhǔn)確性。由于可能存在三維方向上的誤差,本文以距離作為測(cè)量方式,記錄偏移距離絕對(duì)值的最大值。參數(shù)包括:①在冠狀面上以種植體根部中心為截面,測(cè)量種植體頰舌側(cè)偏移距離;② 在矢狀面上以種植體根部中心為截面,測(cè)量種植體近遠(yuǎn)中偏移距離;③種植體深度偏移距離:在矢狀面上以種植體根部中心為截面,測(cè)量種植體冠根向偏移距離(此后統(tǒng)稱為偏移距離)。所有圖像重疊配準(zhǔn)和測(cè)量均由同一位醫(yī)生分別進(jìn)行。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
使用GraphPad Prism 6.0對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量資料符合正態(tài)分布,以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差( ±s)描述,多組間的比較采用單因素方差分析(one way ANOVA),兩組間的比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn):α=0.05,雙側(cè)檢驗(yàn)。
2 結(jié)果
本研究中第一階段納入49例患者共植入58顆種植體,第二階段納入44例患者共植入74顆種植體,手術(shù)均在導(dǎo)板引導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行,采用潛入式愈合方式。術(shù)中及術(shù)后患者未出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重不良反應(yīng),術(shù)后患者常規(guī)服用抗生素,所有患者均未出現(xiàn)術(shù)區(qū)感染和疼痛。術(shù)后2周、1個(gè)月、3個(gè)月進(jìn)行常規(guī)復(fù)查,種植體植入后4.5個(gè)月完成上部結(jié)構(gòu)修復(fù)。本研究中患者均按時(shí)復(fù)診并隨訪,所有患者均對(duì)修復(fù)效果滿意。
2.1 缺牙區(qū)域?qū)ΨN植體植入精度的影響
本研究第一階段,將缺失牙根據(jù)缺牙區(qū)域分為前牙組、后牙組和游離端組。在納入研究的58顆單顆牙缺失種植體中,切牙與尖牙的種植義齒修復(fù)被納入前牙組(20顆),前磨牙與磨牙的種植義齒修復(fù)被納入后牙組(23顆),游離端組為游離缺失的患牙(15顆)。使用單因素方差分析比較三組之間頰舌向、近遠(yuǎn)中向及冠根向三個(gè)方向上的差異。表2顯示,前牙組、后牙組及游離端組的頰舌側(cè)偏移距離差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Plt;0.001),其中游離端組頰舌側(cè)偏移距離高于前牙組及后牙組(Plt;0.05或lt;0.001)。表3顯示,前牙組、后牙組及游離端組缺牙區(qū)域在近遠(yuǎn)中向植入精度的比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05)。表4顯示,前牙組、后牙組及游離端組的冠根向偏移距離差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Plt;0.001),其中游離端組冠根向偏移距離高于前牙組及后牙組(Plt;0.001)。
2.2 誤差來(lái)源假設(shè)及驗(yàn)證
考慮游離端缺失誤差可能與導(dǎo)板制作方法有關(guān),因此本研究第二階段將納入研究的74顆單顆牙游離端缺失種植體中,使用口內(nèi)掃描數(shù)據(jù)制作手術(shù)導(dǎo)板的為口掃組(34顆),使用傳統(tǒng)取模倉(cāng)掃數(shù)據(jù)制作手術(shù)導(dǎo)板的為倉(cāng)掃組(40顆),在頰舌方向上,口掃組偏移距離為(1.52±0.64)mm,倉(cāng)掃組偏移距離為(1.52±0.65)mm,兩組比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.999)。在近遠(yuǎn)中方向上,口掃組偏移距離為(1.41±0.86)mm,倉(cāng)掃組偏移距離為(1.42±0.77)mm,兩組比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.958)。在冠根向上,口掃組的偏移距離為(1.53±0.66)mm,倉(cāng)掃組偏移距離為(1.24±0.52)mm,倉(cāng)掃組的植入精度高于口掃組(t=2.113,P=0.038)。見(jiàn)表5-表7。
3 討論
目前,對(duì)牙列缺損患者而言,種植義齒修復(fù)逐漸開(kāi)始被患者接受[16-17]。計(jì)算機(jī)輔助下引導(dǎo)種植體植入,可有效減少臨床治療時(shí)間,簡(jiǎn)化制作程序,提高種植義齒修復(fù)的精度和質(zhì)量,并減少傳統(tǒng)印模的不適感[18]。如今導(dǎo)板的使用也得到了極大的推廣,給予了臨床醫(yī)生很大的幫助[19]。
盡管本實(shí)驗(yàn)中所有患者均在導(dǎo)板引導(dǎo)下接受手術(shù),但VERCRUYSSEN認(rèn)為,手術(shù)導(dǎo)板仍無(wú)法避免2 mm的誤差[20],PESSOA團(tuán)隊(duì)的研究則指出,術(shù)前所設(shè)計(jì)的導(dǎo)板與實(shí)際打印出的手術(shù)導(dǎo)板存在明顯差異[21]。在查閱近年文獻(xiàn)資料后可總結(jié)出,數(shù)字化導(dǎo)板的制作環(huán)節(jié)中,可能的誤差包括:①CBCT掃描的臨床準(zhǔn)確性受到偽影、體素大小、分辨率以及患者移動(dòng)等因素的限制[22-26];②口內(nèi)掃描的精準(zhǔn)度可能受到不同的掃描系統(tǒng)、掃描方式,以及口腔內(nèi)唾液和有限的空間的影響[25, 27-28];③不同的3D打印技術(shù)[29];④導(dǎo)板的就位[28,30]。
本研究表明,在僅存在缺牙區(qū)域一個(gè)影響因素時(shí),在三個(gè)方向上前牙區(qū)和后牙區(qū)的精準(zhǔn)度均無(wú)明顯差異。單顆牙缺失,使用導(dǎo)板引導(dǎo)可獲得更高的植入精確度[31-32],是由于在大部分情況下,牙支持式導(dǎo)板中缺牙位點(diǎn)兩端支持牙位的數(shù)量越多,導(dǎo)板的穩(wěn)定性和重復(fù)性越有保證[15]。如今更多的證據(jù)認(rèn)為,牙支持式的導(dǎo)板比骨或黏膜支持式的導(dǎo)板更為精確[8,33],本研究也得到與其相似的觀點(diǎn),即在缺牙位點(diǎn)兩端都有牙支持時(shí),前牙區(qū)或后牙區(qū)植入的誤差在三個(gè)方向上差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。而游離端缺失組中,頰舌向和冠根向的植入精度與后牙區(qū)和前牙區(qū)相比均出現(xiàn)了明顯差異。說(shuō)明游離端缺失的病例植入精度在頰舌向和冠根向明顯低于非游離端缺失。
ENDER等認(rèn)為[25],在牙列缺失的患者中,口內(nèi)掃描顯示了更明顯的誤差,單顆牙缺失通常能在口內(nèi)掃描時(shí)獲得更精確的口內(nèi)圖像,主要因?yàn)槿毖绤^(qū)面積較小,需要獲取的軟組織影像少于多顆牙缺失及牙列缺失。可以大膽假設(shè),游離端缺失的患者可能受到患者口內(nèi)環(huán)境(口內(nèi)堆積唾液、口內(nèi)空間受限等)的影響,進(jìn)而降低口內(nèi)掃描數(shù)據(jù)的精確度。因此,盡管與傳統(tǒng)印模相比,口掃對(duì)患者和醫(yī)生而言均有更好的接受度[19, 34-36],但為了驗(yàn)證這一猜想,本研究仍舊使用了不同的方式獲取單顆牙游離端缺失患者的術(shù)前研究模型并基于此制作了手術(shù)導(dǎo)板,比較了傳統(tǒng)取模與口內(nèi)掃描兩種方式對(duì)種植體植入精確度的影響。結(jié)果顯示在頰舌側(cè)和近遠(yuǎn)中向上兩組的誤差無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,表明口掃和傳統(tǒng)取模在頰舌向和近遠(yuǎn)中向可達(dá)到相似的精確度。但在冠根向上,倉(cāng)掃組的誤差要明顯低于口掃組,說(shuō)明:①游離端缺失時(shí),口掃難以準(zhǔn)確獲得缺牙位點(diǎn)近遠(yuǎn)中的影像;②傳統(tǒng)取模比口掃更準(zhǔn)確地還原了缺牙區(qū)黏膜組織的形態(tài)。許多學(xué)者認(rèn)為游離端缺失的情況下缺牙位點(diǎn)遠(yuǎn)中無(wú)法為導(dǎo)板提供硬組織支持, 軟組織彈性使得導(dǎo)板更容易下沉[27,37] ,與本研究得出的結(jié)果相似。
另外,在游離端缺失的病例中,導(dǎo)板在黏膜的支持下發(fā)生位移,將是精準(zhǔn)種植的重大挑戰(zhàn)之一[38]。應(yīng)該使用剛性的材料制作導(dǎo)板,并使用固位釘固定導(dǎo)板,以確保導(dǎo)板準(zhǔn)確就位[21,39]。在本研究中,所有手術(shù)導(dǎo)板均未安放固位釘,為本次實(shí)驗(yàn)的不足之處。導(dǎo)板錯(cuò)誤就位可能為游離端缺失病例的誤差來(lái)源之一,需要進(jìn)一步研究和求證。
綜上,在數(shù)字化導(dǎo)板引導(dǎo)下,單顆牙種植的病例中游離端缺失病例在頰舌向和冠根向誤差明顯高于非游離端病例。而在游離端病例中,通過(guò)倉(cāng)掃傳統(tǒng)研究模型制作的數(shù)字化導(dǎo)板能在冠根方向上更精準(zhǔn)地引導(dǎo)種植體植入。
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(收稿日期:2023-04-23 修回日期:2023-05-18)
(編輯:梁明佩)
基金項(xiàng)目: 廣西壯族自治區(qū)衛(wèi)生健康委員會(huì)自籌經(jīng)費(fèi)科研課題(Z20201202)
第一作者簡(jiǎn)介: 鄭日欣,女,主治醫(yī)師,醫(yī)學(xué)碩士,研究方向:口腔種植學(xué)。E-mail:so974543@outlook.com
通信作者: 劉泉。E-mail:liuquan669@sohu.com
[本文引用格式] 鄭日欣,秦曉丹,劉泉.數(shù)字化導(dǎo)板引導(dǎo)下不同區(qū)域單顆牙種植的精確度分析[J].右江醫(yī)學(xué),2024,52(2):144-150.