摘要:糖尿病視網膜病變(DR)是糖尿病并發癥中最常見的微血管病變,是我國糖尿病(DM)患者視力下降甚至致盲的主要原因。近年來研究發現,氧化應激是DR的發病機制之一,而Kelch樣環氧氯丙烷相關蛋白-1(Keap1)-核因子E2相關因子2(Nrf2)-抗氧化反應元件(ARE)信號通路是機體最重要的內源性抗氧化應激通路。故本文就Keap1-Nrf2-ARE信號通路與氧化應激、DR之間的相關性作一綜述。
關鍵詞:Keap1-Nrf2-ARE信號通路;糖尿病視網膜病變;氧化應激
中圖分類號:R774" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 文獻標識碼:A" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2024.10.041
文章編號:1006-1959(2024)10-0189-04
Research Progress on the Relationship Between Keap1-Nrf2-ARE Signaling Pathway and Diabetic Retinopathy
TANG Yan-hong,SU Mei-gui
(Department of Ophthalmology,Linxia State Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Linxia 731400,Gansu,China)
Abstract:Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common microvascular disease among diabetic complications, and it is the main cause of vision loss and even blindness in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) in our country. In recent years, it has been found that oxidative stress is one of the pathogenesis of DR, and Kelch-like epichlorohydrin related protein-1 (Keap1)-nuclear factor E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling pathway is the most important endogenous anti-oxidative stress pathway. Therefore, this article reviews the correlation between Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway and oxidative stress and DR.
Key words:Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway;Diabetic retinopathy;Oxidative stress
糖尿病(diabetes mellitus, DM)已成為繼心血管疾病和腫瘤之后第3位威脅人們健康和生命的非傳染性疾病,已成為一個全球性的嚴重公共衛生問題[1]。糖尿病視網膜病變(diabetic retinopathy, DR)是DM最常見和嚴重的慢性并發癥,是致殘、致盲、致死的主要原因,嚴重影響著DM患者的生活質量。近年來DR發病機制研究重點已由四大生化機制向氧化應激機制轉變。經研究證實[2-4],氧化應激是DR發生發展的關鍵因素,而Kelch樣環氧氯丙烷相關蛋白-1(epoxy chloropropane Kelch sample related protein-1, Keap1)-核因子E2相關因子2(nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2, Nrf2)-抗氧化反應元件(antioxidant response element, ARE)信號通路是脊椎動物在進化過程中獲得的最關鍵的細胞保護機制之一,是近年發現的機體最重要的內源性抗氧化信號通路,也是一種綜合的氧化還原敏感信號系統[5]。目前,大量研究表明[6-8],通過激活Keap1-Nrf2-ARE信號通路,可以抑制氧化應激,延緩DR的發生發展,而以Keap1-Nrf2-ARE信號通路為靶點防治由氧化應激導致的各種疾病是一種潛在的合理方法。故本文對Keap1-Nrf2-ARE信號通路與氧化應激、DR之間的相關性作一綜述。
1 Keap1-Nrf2-ARE信號通路概述
Keap1-Nrf2-ARE信號通路是機體抗氧化損傷的關鍵信號通路[9]。生理狀態下,胞漿內的Keap1通過含有E3的Cul3泛素連接酶與Nrf2結合在一起,Nrf2被蛋白體酶降解。當機體發生氧化應激反應時,Keap1與Nrf2解耦聯,Keap1的半胱氨酸殘基被修飾,發生Keap1構象變化,穩定狀態的Nrf2發生核轉移進入細胞核,與Maf蛋白結合成異質二聚體后與ARE結合,啟動ARE調控的Ⅱ相代謝酶(谷胱甘肽-S-轉移酶、NQO1、葡萄糖醛酸轉移酶1A6、黃曲霉素B1醛還原酶和微粒體環氧化物水解酶等)和抗氧化酶(HO-1、SOD和GSH-PX等)的表達,從而發揮抗氧化應激作用,使細胞內環境保持穩態[10]。
2 Keap1-Nrf2-ARE信號通路與氧化應激的關系
氧化應激是一種活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)及活性氮(eactive nitrogen species, RNS)生產和清除不協調而導致機體失衡的狀態。在生理條件下,以RNS和氧自由基[如超氧陰離子(O2-)、羥自由基(OH-)和過氧化氫(H2O2)]為主的自由基的產生是正常的,也是無法避免的。事實上,機體生理活動需要低、中等水平的自由基,促進細胞新陳代謝、增殖、分化、免疫系統調節和血管重塑[11]。為了控制其水平,細胞使用酶和非酶的抗氧化防御系統。所有生物體在其一生中經常暴露在內源性和外源性氧化應激源中,其中一些會導致有害的反應性氧化劑和親電性。此外,許多環境刺激,包括紫外線輻射、電離輻射、化療藥物、炎性細胞因子和環境毒素等,都可以觸發高水平的ROS和RNS,從而打破機體正常的氧化還原平衡,最終導致氧化應激的產生[12]。ROS和RNS的升高會導致蛋白質、脂質的氧化損傷,從而可激活Keap1-Nrf2-ARE信號通路抗氧化應激。
激活Keap1-Nrf2-ARE信號通路的關鍵是激活Nrf2,而Nrf2的激活主要受Keap1介導及Nrf2自身的磷酸化等調控。半胱氨酸巰基反應活性高,參與調控細胞識別、信號傳導等生理過程。研究證實[13,14],人類Keap1共含有27個半胱氨酸殘基,其中7對(Cys151、Cys257、Cys273、Cys288、Cys297、Cys434、Cys613)ROS和親電子試劑具有高度反應性,并被認為參與氧化還原反應。氧化應激作用下,細胞中的蛋白質發生構象變化,Keap1的特定半胱氨酸殘基修飾,Keap1與Nrf2結合阻止其進入細胞核,故Keap1也被稱為Nrf2的抑制劑[15]。當機體發生氧化應激反應時,產生的某些化合物可以與含半胱氨酸的蛋白以共價鍵結合構成內源性親電反應的蛋白質組,氧化應激的主要生物反應是抗氧化防御系統,而Keap1-Nrf2-ARE是這些蛋白控制的氧化應激反應途徑中最突出的信號通路[16,17]。
3 Keap1-Nrf2-ARE信號通路與DR的關系
Keap1-Nrf2-ARE信號通路在抗氧化反應調節中起著至關重要作用[18]。研究表明[19],通過激活Keap1-Nrf2-ARE信號通路,可以抑制氧化應激,延緩DR的發生發展。在沒有氧化應激的情況下,Keap1使Nrf2隔離在胞漿中,介導了Nrf2蛋白酶體的降解。在暴露于氧化應激的情況下,Keap1經歷了構象變化,允許Nrf2移位到細胞核,結合到ARE區域,并啟動靶基因的轉錄[20]。
大量研究強調了DM視網膜中高水平的ROS及其在細胞信號改變中的作用,這種改變導致視網膜細胞的損傷,最終導致DR[21,22]。在DR條件下,大量的ROS可引起視網膜微血管、視網膜細胞和視網膜神經節細胞的交替和損傷。人體有一個復雜的氧化應激反應系統,可減少氧化劑的產生或增強抗氧化能力,從而減輕ROS對細胞的損害。Li X等[23]建立了2型糖尿病DR大鼠模型,以正常大鼠作為對照組,結果發現模型組大鼠房水中抗氧化指標SOD、GSH-Px及抗氧化能力均顯著低于對照組(P<0.05),即視網膜Keap1蛋白表達明顯降低,Nrf2蛋白表達明顯升高,說明DR大鼠視網膜細胞凋亡明顯增加,并伴有明顯的氧化應激反應,而Keap1-Nrf2-ARE通路的激活可能起到減輕氧化應激損傷、保護視網膜的作用。Xu Z等[24]研究發現,與野生型小鼠相比,Nrf2缺乏的糖尿病小鼠在糖尿病5周后視網膜超氧化物顯著增加。
4基于Keap1-Nrf2-ARE信號通路治療DR的機制
DR的發病受多因素、多環節、多基因的影響,具體致病機制尚不明確,但氧化應激是DR的重要發病機制之一。研究表明[25],Keap1-Nrf2-ARE信號通路可能是藥物發揮保護作用的潛在抗氧化應激通路,激活此信號通路,可為治療DR提供新思路、新途徑。
4.1西醫治療
Zhou X等[26]將培養的視網膜原代Müller細胞用谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)抗體進行鑒定,并將其隨機分為3組:正常血糖組(NG,5.5mol/L)、高血糖組(HG,30 mmol/L)、高血糖組(30 mmol/L)加普羅布考(HGPB,10μ/L),結果發現普羅布考可抑制高糖培養的人視網膜Müller細胞內ROS的生成,促進細胞增殖,減少凋亡,這可能與Keap1-Nrf2-Are氧化應激信號通路激活有關。Liu Q等[27]將小鼠分為DM組和非DM對照組,結果發現與非DM對照組相比,DM組小鼠視網膜中Nrf2的表達明顯上調,而非諾貝特可減輕DR氧化應激和神經炎癥反應,其原因主要是通過調節Nrf2的表達和NLRP3的炎癥小體激活來實現的。Xu X等[28]將126只DR大鼠隨機分為模型組、實驗組和對照組,模型組大鼠注射生理鹽水,實驗組給予氨基甲酰促紅細胞生成素(CEPO)治療,對照組給予紅花黃色素(SY)治療,結果顯示實驗組Nrf2的表達水平明顯高于對照組(P<0.05),說明CEPO治療DR的療效優于SY。因此,CEPO可能在不影響血管生成的情況下通過激活Nrf2信號通路抑制DR大鼠視網膜組織細胞的凋亡和氧化應激損傷。Shi Q等[29]將大鼠隨機分為正常對照組、糖尿病對照組和帕比農(BP)治療組,結果發現與對照組相比,BP治療組Nrf2水平上調,提示BP通過激活Nrf2途徑能顯著降低DR大鼠視網膜前炎性細胞因子(IL-18和IL-1β)表達,提高SOD、過氧化氫酶和谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶的活性,增強受損視網膜的抗氧化能力。
4.2中醫藥治療
Cai J等[30]研究發現,50、100和250 μg/ml的黃精多糖可促進Nrf2的表達,降低氧化應激,延緩DR的進展。Dong C等[31]將雄性鼠隨機分為對照組、糖尿病組、人參皂苷Rb1組(20 mg/kg)和人參皂甙Rb1組(40 mg/kg),結果發現糖尿病大鼠視網膜MDA含量明顯高于對照組(P<0.05);且與糖尿病組比較,人參皂甙(20、40 mg/kg)治療后MDA含量降低(P<0.05);另與對照組相比,糖尿病組Nrf2含量降低(P<0.05),表明人參皂甙Rb1(20、40 mg/kg)可增加視網膜細胞核中Nrf2的含量。這些研究結果表明,人參皂苷Rb1可以通過激活Nrf2信號通路來調節大鼠視網膜抗氧化功能,進而減輕DR。Bucolo C等[32]對正常和高糖條件下培養的人視網膜色素上皮細胞(RPE)進行了體外研究,結果證實姜黃素通過激活Nrf2信號通路對高糖誘導的RPE細胞損傷具有保護作用,提示姜黃素可能在DR的治療中具有一定的治療價值。Zhang T等[33]將45只小鼠隨機分為3組:DR模型、DR+高良姜精(1 mg/kg)、DR+高良姜精(10 mg/kg),結果發現高良姜素可誘導Nrf2的活化,且在Nrf2基因敲除的糖尿病小鼠中,高良姜素對血-視網膜屏障分解的衰減作用減弱。
4.3其他治療
Arumugam B等[34]研究發現,楊梅素衍生物F2(楊梅葉提取物)可通過激活Nrf2來抗氧化,可以作為未來治療DR的藥物。Li S等[35]予以雄性糖尿病大鼠不同劑量的蘿卜硫素(SFN),結果發現SFN增加了損傷視網膜中Nrf2的核積聚,并增加了Nrf2下游的兩種主要抗氧化劑HO-1和NQO1的表達,延緩了DR的發生、發展。Song Y等[36]研究發現,藍莓花色苷(BA)能上調視網膜抗氧化能力,提高GSH含量和谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶活性,降低MDA和ROS水平,還能增加Nrf2水平。這些結果提示,BA可以保護視網膜細胞免受糖尿病引起的氧化應激和炎癥反應,這可能是通過Nrf2信號來調節的。
5總結
DR是糖尿病最常見的微血管病變之一,迄今為止仍無靶點藥物。目前大量研究表明,Keap1-Nrf2-ARE是抗氧化應激反應最重要的內源性信號通路,合理激活Keap1-Nrf2-ARE信號通路可能未來防治糖尿病并發癥的一個潛在靶點。臨床應對Keap1-Nrf2-ARE信號通路進行更進一步的深入研究,探討其在治療DR方面的作用機制。
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收稿日期:2023-05-09;修回日期:2023-05-26
編輯/杜帆