王明霞 夏春來
【摘 要】本文針對當前高中英語寫作教學“高投入、低效率”的現狀,提出教師將作文批改過程中學生的典型錯誤、亮點句子、優秀范文、教師下水作文等按試卷來源、體裁、題材等進行整理,組成英語作文語料庫。作文素材庫的建立有利于學生建立寫作“支架”,減輕寫作焦慮,調動寫作積極性,也減輕了教師挑選作文試題的負擔。
【關鍵詞】作文語料庫 高中英語 寫作教學
一、 引言
寫作是一項綜合性很強的語言實踐活動。在英語教學中,它屬于聽、說、讀、寫、譯五種基本技能的中間環節,具有承上啟下的作用。長期以來,廣大教師就如何改進英語寫作教學做了大量而富有成效的探索(楊曉冬,2009)。但當前高中英語寫作教學現狀依然不令人滿意,學生作文寫了不少,但寫作能力依然滯后,具體表現為審題不清、布局不合理、中式表達、語言單調、時態混亂等。為改變高中英語作文教學“高投入、低效率”的狀況,筆者在教學實踐中通過建立作文語料庫進行作文教學,有效地提高了學生的英語寫作能力。
二、 建立作文語料庫的好處
1. 作文語料庫。
作文語料庫是指教師將作文批改過程中學生的典型錯誤、亮點句子、優秀范文、教師下水作文等按試卷來源、體裁、題材等進行整理,組成作文語料庫(見表1)。為保證語料庫素材的時效性和示范性,寫作素材均選自近年來的高考和各地模擬試題。
2. 作文語料庫的優點。
通過整理寫作素材建立作文語料庫,有利于改變當前中學英語寫作教學隨意化的狀況,促進寫作教學走向系統化、制度化。語料庫中的作文題來自教師的教學實踐,具有較強的可操作性和實用性。教師在開展寫作教學時,只需打開語料庫,根據階段寫作要求和體裁選擇相應的題目即可。語料庫中的素材便捷、實用,減輕了教師挑選作文訓練材料的負擔。
三、 作文語料庫在高中英語寫作教學中的應用
下面以2013年江蘇省鹽城市高三英語二模作文(見表1標記*處)為例,談談如何使用作文語料庫開展高中英語作文教學。
(一)寫作前搭建寫作支架
根據“支架”理論,學生可在教師和同學的幫助下,將復雜的學習任務加以分解并逐步構建整體。這樣學生在“支架”的幫助下能較快地邁向更高臺階,思維積極活躍,并且能夠在完成學習任務的同時提升能力;在“支架”撤離后,也能獨立思考,解決問題(繆四平,2013)。教師可以從以下幾個方面幫助學生搭建寫作支架,從而降低寫作難度,提高學生寫作的積極性。
1.小組對作文題進行討論。(略)
2.呈現錯誤語料。
寫作前分析寫作中有可能犯的錯誤,不但可以降低寫作難度,而且有利于減輕學生寫作過程中的焦慮情緒,對高中英語寫作教學有著一定的反撥作用。教師將以前學生寫作過程中犯的錯誤按詞性誤用、粘連句、句子結構不完整、時態錯誤等分類呈現,幫助學生在寫作過程中少犯錯誤。
3.提取寫作詞塊。
Nattinger和DeCarrico(1992)根據結構和功能角度把詞塊分為4類:聚合詞(polywords)、慣常的表達形式(institutionalized utterances)、短語限制結構(collocates)、句子構造成分(sentence frames and heads)。筆者(2010)通過對2009年全國各地20套高考英語作文參考范文研究發現,聚合詞、短語限制結構、句子構造成分是高考英語書面表達中的高頻目標詞塊。因此,增加學生在這幾方面的詞塊輸入,對于學生在限時寫作中的有效輸出將起到重要作用。針對這個話題,教師可以幫助學生提取的寫作詞塊有:
according to, such as/like,There may be several possible reasons accounting for/contributing to this phenomenon. for one thing,for another thing, in ones opinion, be expected to, besides, last but not least,...
(二)作文限時訓練
學生在平時寫作時,由于時間比較充足,可以通過看筆記、查詞典等方式打磨出一篇水平較高的作文。但考試時,由于時間緊,沒有可參考的資料,且學生處于高度緊張狀態,導致學生寫出的文章錯誤百出,慘不忍睹。為幫助學生適應考場作文的緊張氛圍,教師平時要有意識地鍛煉學生,時間一般控制在25~35分鐘。
(三)寫作后的評價和講評
1.同伴互評。同伴互評是學生對同伴作文中蘊含的信息進行分析、質疑、推敲、指導、修改、賞析的一種評價方式(鄭士強,2013)。在高中英語寫作教學中使用同伴評價能夠提升學生的識錯意識和識錯能力。為方便學生在同伴互評中操練,教師可使用寫作評價與反饋量規表,如陳鳳梅(2013,版面所限,略),并指導學生評價同學作文。
2.教師評價。在學生評價的基礎上,教師對學生作文進行二次評價以了解學情。教師批閱作文時,要善于發現學生習作中的美詞佳句,并用不同符號標識,如美詞旁打上“☆”,佳句下劃上波浪線或使用文字,如Super!/ Excellent!/ Perfect!/Wonderful!/ Fantastic!/ Marvelous?。┑龋慀P梅,2011;王青,2007)。為便于操作,筆者將學生作文中的錯誤用不同符號進行標識。如,用詞不當用W(Word);搭配不當用P(Phrase);句型誤用用S(Sentence);語法錯誤用G(Grammar);時態錯誤用T(Tense);審題不清用R(Reread);謀篇布局不合理用A(Arrangement);等等。
3.作文講評。作文評判對提高學生的寫作能力具有非常重要的作用,評卷人員(教師)的點評往往可以為學生指明努力的方向,但在平時教學中評卷人員難以對每篇作文都給出詳細的分析。因此,在全班進行講解式評判非常必要(劉慶思,2009)。作文講評材料來自于學生寫作過程中的真實語料,是作文語料庫的重要部分。教師要根據作文批閱情況,及時更新講評素材,使得語料庫中的素材更加豐富和具有時效性。作文講評包括以下幾個部分。
(1)列舉典型錯誤
A.詞性誤用。如Boys tend to have behaviour problems such as lying,thefting and so on. (theft為名詞,不應加ing)
B.粘連句。如 11.6% students are trapped in emotional problems,among them girls have the higher rate.(改為among whom)
C.句子結構不完整。如For one thing,too many punishments and interference,they cant live in harmony with their parents.(too many punishments and interference不能單獨組成句子)
D.主謂不一致。如 For another thing, students who suffers from study cant get along well with others. (suffers改為suffer)
E.中式表達。如One is mood problem, such as rather anxiety, lacking confidence and so on.(“極度焦慮”應為extreme anxiety)
F.結構單調。如For another thing, students are put more pressure on study. It results in many difficuties in friendship.(改為...,which...)
G. 盲目使用復雜結構,造成句子冗長。如For another thing, giant as the pressure is,which comes from study, that students have difficulty getting well with others.(改為...from study is,...)
(2)點贊亮點句型
如: ①As a famous saying goes, all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.②Male students cover 16.2% while the percentage of female students is 11.4%. ③From the survey, we find that 16.2% of the boys suffer from mental problems while girls account for 11.4%.④In additon, they can turn to friends for help when confused with mental problems.⑤They are not supposed to give students too much punishement and interference in the name of love.等等。
(3)對照參考范文(略)
(4)教師對范文的二次加工
在平時的教學過程中,筆者發現,由于種種原因,造成當前各類考試提供的范文水平良莠不齊。有時命題者為避免評卷人起評標準過高,編寫的范文詞匯過于簡單,句子結構過于單一,不能體現學生當前階段的學習水平,不具有示范性。因此,教師要對范文進行二次加工,將現階段學生所學的高級詞匯、復雜句式用到范文中去,以方便學生參考、借鑒。以下是筆者改寫的范文。
According to the survey,16.2 percent of the boys and 11.4 percent of the girls have psychological problems. 11.6 percent of them,a large percentage of whom are girls, suffer from emotional problems,such as feeling upset, lacking self-confidence and etc. 8.8 percent,most of whom are boys,have abnormal behaviors,such as lying,stealing and so on.
There may be several possible reasons accounting for this phenomenon. For one thing,some parents cant build a harmonious family. Some have tight control of their children and punish them too often. For another,many students are under heavy pressure from study and unable to get along well with people around.
In my opinion, parents should give their children enough freedom and space and often communicate with them. Besides,schools are expected to establish campus counseling centers to offer timely help. Last but not the least,students had better keep optimistic and develop more hobbies.
(5)展示學生優秀范文(略)
(6)學生二次修改作文
學生將作文題目、第一稿作文、第二稿作文、典型錯誤、亮點句型等整理成作文檔案本,也是一個很好的個人寫作素材庫。
四、 結語
綜上所述,運用語料庫開展高中英語作文教學是一個長期的系統工程。教師要不斷優化操作流程,更新寫作語料,將階段教學要求體現到作文教學中去,真正讓學生會寫、樂寫,教師會教、樂教。
【參考文獻】
[1]James R. Nattinger,Jeanette S. DeCarrico. Lexical Phrases and Language Teaching[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1992(3).
[2]陳鳳梅.利用作文講評提高學生的英語寫作能力[J].中小學外語教學:中學篇,2011(9).
[3]劉慶思. 關于中學生英語作文評判方法的思考[J].中小學外語教學:中學篇,2009(3).
[4]繆四平. “支架”理論在初中英語課文記憶中的運用[J].中小學英語教學與研究,2013(5).
[5]楊勵吾. 高中生英語作文語病分析與訓練策略[J].基礎教育外語教學研究,2008(12).
(作者單位:江蘇省鎮江市教育局教研室;江蘇省句容高級中學)
(1)列舉典型錯誤
A.詞性誤用。如Boys tend to have behaviour problems such as lying,thefting and so on. (theft為名詞,不應加ing)
B.粘連句。如 11.6% students are trapped in emotional problems,among them girls have the higher rate.(改為among whom)
C.句子結構不完整。如For one thing,too many punishments and interference,they cant live in harmony with their parents.(too many punishments and interference不能單獨組成句子)
D.主謂不一致。如 For another thing, students who suffers from study cant get along well with others. (suffers改為suffer)
E.中式表達。如One is mood problem, such as rather anxiety, lacking confidence and so on.(“極度焦慮”應為extreme anxiety)
F.結構單調。如For another thing, students are put more pressure on study. It results in many difficuties in friendship.(改為...,which...)
G. 盲目使用復雜結構,造成句子冗長。如For another thing, giant as the pressure is,which comes from study, that students have difficulty getting well with others.(改為...from study is,...)
(2)點贊亮點句型
如: ①As a famous saying goes, all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.②Male students cover 16.2% while the percentage of female students is 11.4%. ③From the survey, we find that 16.2% of the boys suffer from mental problems while girls account for 11.4%.④In additon, they can turn to friends for help when confused with mental problems.⑤They are not supposed to give students too much punishement and interference in the name of love.等等。
(3)對照參考范文(略)
(4)教師對范文的二次加工
在平時的教學過程中,筆者發現,由于種種原因,造成當前各類考試提供的范文水平良莠不齊。有時命題者為避免評卷人起評標準過高,編寫的范文詞匯過于簡單,句子結構過于單一,不能體現學生當前階段的學習水平,不具有示范性。因此,教師要對范文進行二次加工,將現階段學生所學的高級詞匯、復雜句式用到范文中去,以方便學生參考、借鑒。以下是筆者改寫的范文。
According to the survey,16.2 percent of the boys and 11.4 percent of the girls have psychological problems. 11.6 percent of them,a large percentage of whom are girls, suffer from emotional problems,such as feeling upset, lacking self-confidence and etc. 8.8 percent,most of whom are boys,have abnormal behaviors,such as lying,stealing and so on.
There may be several possible reasons accounting for this phenomenon. For one thing,some parents cant build a harmonious family. Some have tight control of their children and punish them too often. For another,many students are under heavy pressure from study and unable to get along well with people around.
In my opinion, parents should give their children enough freedom and space and often communicate with them. Besides,schools are expected to establish campus counseling centers to offer timely help. Last but not the least,students had better keep optimistic and develop more hobbies.
(5)展示學生優秀范文(略)
(6)學生二次修改作文
學生將作文題目、第一稿作文、第二稿作文、典型錯誤、亮點句型等整理成作文檔案本,也是一個很好的個人寫作素材庫。
四、 結語
綜上所述,運用語料庫開展高中英語作文教學是一個長期的系統工程。教師要不斷優化操作流程,更新寫作語料,將階段教學要求體現到作文教學中去,真正讓學生會寫、樂寫,教師會教、樂教。
【參考文獻】
[1]James R. Nattinger,Jeanette S. DeCarrico. Lexical Phrases and Language Teaching[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1992(3).
[2]陳鳳梅.利用作文講評提高學生的英語寫作能力[J].中小學外語教學:中學篇,2011(9).
[3]劉慶思. 關于中學生英語作文評判方法的思考[J].中小學外語教學:中學篇,2009(3).
[4]繆四平. “支架”理論在初中英語課文記憶中的運用[J].中小學英語教學與研究,2013(5).
[5]楊勵吾. 高中生英語作文語病分析與訓練策略[J].基礎教育外語教學研究,2008(12).
(作者單位:江蘇省鎮江市教育局教研室;江蘇省句容高級中學)
(1)列舉典型錯誤
A.詞性誤用。如Boys tend to have behaviour problems such as lying,thefting and so on. (theft為名詞,不應加ing)
B.粘連句。如 11.6% students are trapped in emotional problems,among them girls have the higher rate.(改為among whom)
C.句子結構不完整。如For one thing,too many punishments and interference,they cant live in harmony with their parents.(too many punishments and interference不能單獨組成句子)
D.主謂不一致。如 For another thing, students who suffers from study cant get along well with others. (suffers改為suffer)
E.中式表達。如One is mood problem, such as rather anxiety, lacking confidence and so on.(“極度焦慮”應為extreme anxiety)
F.結構單調。如For another thing, students are put more pressure on study. It results in many difficuties in friendship.(改為...,which...)
G. 盲目使用復雜結構,造成句子冗長。如For another thing, giant as the pressure is,which comes from study, that students have difficulty getting well with others.(改為...from study is,...)
(2)點贊亮點句型
如: ①As a famous saying goes, all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.②Male students cover 16.2% while the percentage of female students is 11.4%. ③From the survey, we find that 16.2% of the boys suffer from mental problems while girls account for 11.4%.④In additon, they can turn to friends for help when confused with mental problems.⑤They are not supposed to give students too much punishement and interference in the name of love.等等。
(3)對照參考范文(略)
(4)教師對范文的二次加工
在平時的教學過程中,筆者發現,由于種種原因,造成當前各類考試提供的范文水平良莠不齊。有時命題者為避免評卷人起評標準過高,編寫的范文詞匯過于簡單,句子結構過于單一,不能體現學生當前階段的學習水平,不具有示范性。因此,教師要對范文進行二次加工,將現階段學生所學的高級詞匯、復雜句式用到范文中去,以方便學生參考、借鑒。以下是筆者改寫的范文。
According to the survey,16.2 percent of the boys and 11.4 percent of the girls have psychological problems. 11.6 percent of them,a large percentage of whom are girls, suffer from emotional problems,such as feeling upset, lacking self-confidence and etc. 8.8 percent,most of whom are boys,have abnormal behaviors,such as lying,stealing and so on.
There may be several possible reasons accounting for this phenomenon. For one thing,some parents cant build a harmonious family. Some have tight control of their children and punish them too often. For another,many students are under heavy pressure from study and unable to get along well with people around.
In my opinion, parents should give their children enough freedom and space and often communicate with them. Besides,schools are expected to establish campus counseling centers to offer timely help. Last but not the least,students had better keep optimistic and develop more hobbies.
(5)展示學生優秀范文(略)
(6)學生二次修改作文
學生將作文題目、第一稿作文、第二稿作文、典型錯誤、亮點句型等整理成作文檔案本,也是一個很好的個人寫作素材庫。
四、 結語
綜上所述,運用語料庫開展高中英語作文教學是一個長期的系統工程。教師要不斷優化操作流程,更新寫作語料,將階段教學要求體現到作文教學中去,真正讓學生會寫、樂寫,教師會教、樂教。
【參考文獻】
[1]James R. Nattinger,Jeanette S. DeCarrico. Lexical Phrases and Language Teaching[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1992(3).
[2]陳鳳梅.利用作文講評提高學生的英語寫作能力[J].中小學外語教學:中學篇,2011(9).
[3]劉慶思. 關于中學生英語作文評判方法的思考[J].中小學外語教學:中學篇,2009(3).
[4]繆四平. “支架”理論在初中英語課文記憶中的運用[J].中小學英語教學與研究,2013(5).
[5]楊勵吾. 高中生英語作文語病分析與訓練策略[J].基礎教育外語教學研究,2008(12).
(作者單位:江蘇省鎮江市教育局教研室;江蘇省句容高級中學)