郭素萍 鄧益君 吳瑩嘉 馮惠霞
【摘要】 目的:探討營養支持干預對放化療期間惡性食管瘺患者預后的影響。方法:回顧分析2010年1月-2012年12月本科收治的40例食管癌合并惡性食管瘺患者,總結營養干預方法、瘺管愈合情況及放化療副反應發生情況。結果:40例患者中,32例瘺管閉合,6例未閉合予出院定期復查,2例死亡;放化療治療期間,副作用大多數為1~2級,8例出現3級及以上的嘔吐,11例出現3級及以上的中性粒細胞減少,13例出現3級及以上的咳嗽。結論:營養風險篩查和腸內營養支持能有效提高食管癌合并惡性食管瘺的患者對放化療的耐受性,完成相關治療,并促進瘺口的愈合,值得在臨床推廣。
【關鍵詞】 食管癌; 惡性食管瘺; 放化療; 營養風險篩查; 腸內營養
食管癌是常見的消化道腫瘤,同期放化療是不能手術的食管癌常用治療手段[1]。惡性食管瘺是食管癌性組織在食管和氣道之間(食管氣管瘺)或者食管和縱膈之間(食管縱膈瘺)形成的瘺口,死亡率高,其最終結局常常為支氣管肺炎、敗血癥或大出血[2]。惡性食管瘺曾被認為是放化療相對禁忌證,較少有相關報道[3]。本科收治的惡性食管瘺患者40例,32例順利完成了放射治療和化學治療,瘺管閉合。現總結資料如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 選取2010年1月-2012年12月本科收治的食管癌合并惡性食管瘺患者40例,其中男34例,女6例,年齡41~80歲,中位年齡58歲。患者診斷均為食管鱗狀細胞癌,其中21例為T3期,16例為T4期,均無遠處轉移或腹腔淋巴結轉移,均不能手術,使用同期放化療進行治療。治療前或治療期間出現惡性食管瘺,其中18例出現在放化療前,22例出現在放化療期間。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 放化療方案 所有患者使用3D-CRT進行放射治療,治療計劃由Pinnacle計劃系統計算。患者輻射總量中位數為54 Gy(40~68 Gy)。重要臟器的輻射劑量限制設置如下:脊柱<46 Gy,肺部平均劑量<17 Gy,V20<30%。
7例患者使用2個療程的順鉑、5-Fu聯合化療,順鉑的劑量為20 mg/(m2·d),5-Fu的為500 mg/(m2·d),在放療第1~5天和第29~33天時使用。另外33例患者使用多西他賽進行治療:10例患者進行2個療程的多西他賽和順鉑,其中多西他賽劑量為60 mg/m2,順鉑為60 mg/m2,在放療第1天和第29天執行;23例每周同期進行順鉑化療25 mg/m2和多西他賽25 mg/m2化療,持續4~6周。
1.2.2 營養風險篩查 本研究采用營養風險篩查(Nutrition Risk Screening,NRS)進行營養評估[4]。患者入院后24 h內由管床護士對患者進行營養風險篩查。總分大于等于3分,表示患者有營養風險,轉介營養專科護士,實施營養治療;總分小于3分,表示患者目前沒有營養風險,由管床護士每周進行營養風險再評估,必要時予預防性營養治療。
1.2.3 營養干預 患者出現食管瘺后,使用腸內營養進行營養補充。其中22例使用鼻胃管、18例使用經皮胃造瘺管。腸內營養素根據體重配制,初始配制設計如下:能量攝入量為30 kcal/(kg·d),初始蛋白質的攝入量為1.2~1.5 g/(kg·d)。持續監測體重,調整營養素攝入量,保持體內能量和蛋白質的平衡,減少體重丟失。患者如有添加食物,應減去等量營養值的營養液。
2 結果
40例惡性食管瘺的患者中,32例(80.0%)瘺管閉合,2例(5.0%)治療期間大出血死亡,6例(15.0%)治療結束后瘺管未閉合予出院定期復查。本研究初次NRS得分顯示,22例患者治療前為2~3分(中到重度營養不良狀態),治療結束后16例患者的NRS得分顯示提高。治療結束后中位隨訪時間18個月(3~39個月),隨訪期間2例患者(5.0%)在瘺管關閉后出現了再次穿孔。放化療治療期間發生頻率最高的副作用為嘔吐、中性粒細胞下降、食管炎和咳嗽,大多數為1~2級。40例患者中,有8例(20.0%)出現3級及以上的嘔吐,11例(27.5%)患者出現3級及以上的中性粒細胞減少,13例(32.5%)患者出現3級及以上的咳嗽。
3 討論
營養不良是癌癥患者常見并發癥,大部分癌癥患者在疾病進展過程中出現體重下降,甚至惡液質[5]。其原因有:(1)腫瘤代謝增加食管癌患者機體能量消耗;(2)食管癌腫瘤位置容易導致患者出現吞咽困難,營養的攝入不足[6];(3)治療(如手術、放射治療、化學治療)改變機體內環境,增加食管癌患者能量和蛋白質的需求;(4)治療相關性厭食、黏膜炎、嘔吐等影響營養的攝入和吸收[6]。目前普遍認為不能手術的晚期食管癌患者進行同期放化療能提高患者的生存率,但同時會增加患者體重丟失,增加免疫消耗,降低身體抵抗力[7-10]。食管癌行放化療的患者的基礎營養狀態是患者預后的重要影響因素[11-12]。根據歐洲臨床營養和代謝學會(European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism,ESPEN)指南對正在進行放射治療或放化療的患者的腸內營養,應努力增加營養的攝入,預防治療相關性體重丟失和治療的中斷[13]。但監測體重再進行營養補充往往具有滯后性,不能提前預測體重減輕的風險。
營養干預雖然不能針對性治療腫瘤組織或細胞,但營養治療作為基礎治療能夠為抗腫瘤治療或手術治療提供良好的身體基礎,提高機體的自身免疫及對放射治療和化學治療的耐受能力[14]。本研究中營養方案的制定前充分評估了患者的營養狀態,腫瘤類型,預測對治療的反應以及耐受情況,針對性選用經口進食、腸內營養、靜脈營養為患者提供營養支持。本研究中食管癌合并食管瘺的患者,為避免食物經食管瘺口進入氣道或縱膈加重感染,均予以禁食,予腸內營養支持(18例經鼻胃管,22例經胃造瘺管)。多項研究表明腸內營養能為患者提供充足的營養支持,不僅能增加患者的體重,提高患者對治療的反應,還能提高患者的生活質量[14-15]。endprint
NRS營養風險篩查能有效區分和檢測患者的營養狀況,及時、充足的腸內營養支持能有效增加患者對放化療的耐受性,完成相關治療,并促進瘺口的愈合,值得臨床推廣。
參考文獻
[1] Fietkau R.Concurrent radiochemotherapy for the treatment of solid tumors[J].Strahlenther Onkol,2012,188(Suppl 3):263-271.
[2] Reed M F,Mathisen D J.Tracheoesophageal fistula[J].Chest Surg Clin N Am,2003,13(2):271-289.
[3] Ishida K,Iizuka T,Ando N,et al.Phase II study of chemoradiotherapy for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus: nine Japanese institutions trial[J].Jpn J Clin Oncol,1996,26(5):310-315.
[4] Celaya P S,Valero Z M.Nutritional management of oncologic patients[J].Nutr Hosp,1999,14(Suppl 2):43-52.
[5] Ramos C M,Boleo-Tome C,Monteiro-Grillo I,et al.The diversity of nutritional status in cancer: new insights[J].Oncologist,2010,15(5):523-530.
[6] Bozzetti F,Cozzaglio L,Gavazzi C,et al.Nutritional support in patients with cancer of the esophagus: impact on nutritional status, patient compliance to therapy, and survival[J].Tumori,1998,84(6):681-686.
[7] Fietkau R,Lewitzki V,Kuhnt T,et al.A disease-specific enteral nutrition formula improves nutritional status and functional performance in patients with head and neck and esophageal cancer undergoing chemoradiotherapy: results of a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial[J].Cancer,2013,119(18):3343-3353.
[8] Pai P C,Chuang C C,Tseng C K,et al.Impact of pretreatment body mass index on patients with head-and-neck cancer treated with radiation[J].Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2012,83(1):e93-e100.
[9] Buntzel J,Krauss T,Buntzel H,et al.Nutritional parameters for patients with head and neck cancer[J].Anticancer Res,2012,32(5):2119-2123.
[10] Da S J,Mauricio S F,Bering T,et al.The relationship between nutritional status and the Glasgow prognostic score in patients with cancer of the esophagus and stomach[J].Nutr Cancer,2013,65(1):25-33.
[11] Bollschweiler E,Herbold T,Plum P,et al.Prognostic relevance of nutritional status in patients with advanced esophageal cancer[J].Expert Rev Anticancer Ther,2013,13(3):275-278.
[12] Andreyev H J,Norman A R,Oates J,et al.Why do patients with weight loss have a worse outcome when undergoing chemotherapy for gastrointestinal malignancies?[J].Eur J Cancer,1998,34(4):503-509.
[13] Arends J,Bodoky G,Bozzetti F,et al.ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition: non-surgical oncology[J].Clin Nutr,2006,25(2):245-259.
[14] Miyata H,Yano M,Yasuda T,et al.Randomized study of clinical effect of enteral nutrition support during neoadjuvant chemotherapy on chemotherapy-related toxicity in patients with esophageal cancer[J].Clin Nutr,2012,31(3):330-336.
[15] Murphy R A,Mourtzakis M,Chu Q S,et al.Nutritional intervention with fish oil provides a benefit over standard of care for weight and skeletal muscle mass in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer receiving chemotherapy[J].Cancer,2011,117(8):1775-1782.
(收稿日期:2014-04-10) (本文編輯:蔡元元)endprint
NRS營養風險篩查能有效區分和檢測患者的營養狀況,及時、充足的腸內營養支持能有效增加患者對放化療的耐受性,完成相關治療,并促進瘺口的愈合,值得臨床推廣。
參考文獻
[1] Fietkau R.Concurrent radiochemotherapy for the treatment of solid tumors[J].Strahlenther Onkol,2012,188(Suppl 3):263-271.
[2] Reed M F,Mathisen D J.Tracheoesophageal fistula[J].Chest Surg Clin N Am,2003,13(2):271-289.
[3] Ishida K,Iizuka T,Ando N,et al.Phase II study of chemoradiotherapy for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus: nine Japanese institutions trial[J].Jpn J Clin Oncol,1996,26(5):310-315.
[4] Celaya P S,Valero Z M.Nutritional management of oncologic patients[J].Nutr Hosp,1999,14(Suppl 2):43-52.
[5] Ramos C M,Boleo-Tome C,Monteiro-Grillo I,et al.The diversity of nutritional status in cancer: new insights[J].Oncologist,2010,15(5):523-530.
[6] Bozzetti F,Cozzaglio L,Gavazzi C,et al.Nutritional support in patients with cancer of the esophagus: impact on nutritional status, patient compliance to therapy, and survival[J].Tumori,1998,84(6):681-686.
[7] Fietkau R,Lewitzki V,Kuhnt T,et al.A disease-specific enteral nutrition formula improves nutritional status and functional performance in patients with head and neck and esophageal cancer undergoing chemoradiotherapy: results of a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial[J].Cancer,2013,119(18):3343-3353.
[8] Pai P C,Chuang C C,Tseng C K,et al.Impact of pretreatment body mass index on patients with head-and-neck cancer treated with radiation[J].Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2012,83(1):e93-e100.
[9] Buntzel J,Krauss T,Buntzel H,et al.Nutritional parameters for patients with head and neck cancer[J].Anticancer Res,2012,32(5):2119-2123.
[10] Da S J,Mauricio S F,Bering T,et al.The relationship between nutritional status and the Glasgow prognostic score in patients with cancer of the esophagus and stomach[J].Nutr Cancer,2013,65(1):25-33.
[11] Bollschweiler E,Herbold T,Plum P,et al.Prognostic relevance of nutritional status in patients with advanced esophageal cancer[J].Expert Rev Anticancer Ther,2013,13(3):275-278.
[12] Andreyev H J,Norman A R,Oates J,et al.Why do patients with weight loss have a worse outcome when undergoing chemotherapy for gastrointestinal malignancies?[J].Eur J Cancer,1998,34(4):503-509.
[13] Arends J,Bodoky G,Bozzetti F,et al.ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition: non-surgical oncology[J].Clin Nutr,2006,25(2):245-259.
[14] Miyata H,Yano M,Yasuda T,et al.Randomized study of clinical effect of enteral nutrition support during neoadjuvant chemotherapy on chemotherapy-related toxicity in patients with esophageal cancer[J].Clin Nutr,2012,31(3):330-336.
[15] Murphy R A,Mourtzakis M,Chu Q S,et al.Nutritional intervention with fish oil provides a benefit over standard of care for weight and skeletal muscle mass in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer receiving chemotherapy[J].Cancer,2011,117(8):1775-1782.
(收稿日期:2014-04-10) (本文編輯:蔡元元)endprint
NRS營養風險篩查能有效區分和檢測患者的營養狀況,及時、充足的腸內營養支持能有效增加患者對放化療的耐受性,完成相關治療,并促進瘺口的愈合,值得臨床推廣。
參考文獻
[1] Fietkau R.Concurrent radiochemotherapy for the treatment of solid tumors[J].Strahlenther Onkol,2012,188(Suppl 3):263-271.
[2] Reed M F,Mathisen D J.Tracheoesophageal fistula[J].Chest Surg Clin N Am,2003,13(2):271-289.
[3] Ishida K,Iizuka T,Ando N,et al.Phase II study of chemoradiotherapy for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus: nine Japanese institutions trial[J].Jpn J Clin Oncol,1996,26(5):310-315.
[4] Celaya P S,Valero Z M.Nutritional management of oncologic patients[J].Nutr Hosp,1999,14(Suppl 2):43-52.
[5] Ramos C M,Boleo-Tome C,Monteiro-Grillo I,et al.The diversity of nutritional status in cancer: new insights[J].Oncologist,2010,15(5):523-530.
[6] Bozzetti F,Cozzaglio L,Gavazzi C,et al.Nutritional support in patients with cancer of the esophagus: impact on nutritional status, patient compliance to therapy, and survival[J].Tumori,1998,84(6):681-686.
[7] Fietkau R,Lewitzki V,Kuhnt T,et al.A disease-specific enteral nutrition formula improves nutritional status and functional performance in patients with head and neck and esophageal cancer undergoing chemoradiotherapy: results of a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial[J].Cancer,2013,119(18):3343-3353.
[8] Pai P C,Chuang C C,Tseng C K,et al.Impact of pretreatment body mass index on patients with head-and-neck cancer treated with radiation[J].Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2012,83(1):e93-e100.
[9] Buntzel J,Krauss T,Buntzel H,et al.Nutritional parameters for patients with head and neck cancer[J].Anticancer Res,2012,32(5):2119-2123.
[10] Da S J,Mauricio S F,Bering T,et al.The relationship between nutritional status and the Glasgow prognostic score in patients with cancer of the esophagus and stomach[J].Nutr Cancer,2013,65(1):25-33.
[11] Bollschweiler E,Herbold T,Plum P,et al.Prognostic relevance of nutritional status in patients with advanced esophageal cancer[J].Expert Rev Anticancer Ther,2013,13(3):275-278.
[12] Andreyev H J,Norman A R,Oates J,et al.Why do patients with weight loss have a worse outcome when undergoing chemotherapy for gastrointestinal malignancies?[J].Eur J Cancer,1998,34(4):503-509.
[13] Arends J,Bodoky G,Bozzetti F,et al.ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition: non-surgical oncology[J].Clin Nutr,2006,25(2):245-259.
[14] Miyata H,Yano M,Yasuda T,et al.Randomized study of clinical effect of enteral nutrition support during neoadjuvant chemotherapy on chemotherapy-related toxicity in patients with esophageal cancer[J].Clin Nutr,2012,31(3):330-336.
[15] Murphy R A,Mourtzakis M,Chu Q S,et al.Nutritional intervention with fish oil provides a benefit over standard of care for weight and skeletal muscle mass in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer receiving chemotherapy[J].Cancer,2011,117(8):1775-1782.
(收稿日期:2014-04-10) (本文編輯:蔡元元)endprint