徐俊


【摘要】本文從詞、句、篇三方面闡述了如何培養釋義轉述意識。
【關鍵詞】釋義語句 釋義轉述 語句釋義轉述 意識培養
【中圖分類號】G633.41 【文獻標識碼】A 【文章編號】2095-3089(2016)05-0132-02
一、定義
釋義(paraphrase),顧名思義就是解釋詞義。根據Oxford Advanced Learners English – Chinese Dictionary(《牛津高階英漢詞典》),它是指“ to express what sb has said or written using different words especially in order to make it easier to understand.”所謂“語句釋義轉述” 是指用另一句話進行轉述解釋,表達相同或相似的意思。“語句釋義轉述意識”則指學生對語句釋義轉述的敏感性。學生應該逐漸具有這樣的敏感性,即能理解兩個用詞不同、結構有別的句子說的是一個意思,只不過是換了一種說法的已。這種意識愈強,讀懂的句子愈多,閱讀水平邊愈高,也更容易讀出字里行間的隱晦語義(read between the lines),從而形成強大的閱讀推導(inferring)能力,有助于提高閱讀理解答題判斷的準確性。可以深入透徹理解詞義,從而達到掌握詞匯及其用法的目的。同時,學生學習新詞復習舊詞,提高了單詞的復現率。
二、如何培養釋義轉述意識
1.熟練掌握詞匯
我們常說學英語好比建房子,單詞好比一塊塊磚頭,可見詞匯教學是英語教學的一個重要方面。詞匯教學到底有多重要呢?英國著名的語言學家D.A.Wilkins(1972)曾經說過,“沒有語法,能表達的內容很少,沒有詞匯則什么也表達不了”(" Without grammar, very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed.)。可以說是一語道破了詞匯學習對語言學習者的重要性。所以,在平時教學中促使學生熟練掌握新學詞匯是教師的教學重點。客觀地說,詞匯量增多了,給教學帶來一定的難度。怎樣突破詞匯教學的瓶頸呢?新教材主張培養學生學會在語境中感悟和領會詞匯含義,找出意思相近或相同的語言表達。學會根據上下文猜測生詞的含義。利用語塊整體記憶詞匯。理解詞語的詞性,并利用詞性解讀詞匯意思。通過構詞法分析詞義等。詞匯教學采用英語釋義、類比、聯想等方法并注意不斷復現(劉道義,2006)。教材采用英語釋義的方法設計了各種詞匯練習。
(1)同義詞、近義詞替換。如:Which words or phrases in the letters have the same or similar meanings as the following? Write a sentence using each word or phrase.(八下unit 4 section A 3c)
makesth. clear—— explain talk——- communicate not allow——- refuse
worried——nervous get along with——get on with
八下unit10 section B 2b八下unit9 section A 3c八下unit10 section A 3c九年級unit4 section B 2e
(2) 根據釋義找出文中對應的單詞。如:Look at the words in bold in the article. Can you guess their meanings? Try to match them with the meanings below. (八下unit4 section B 2c) 有此類練習。
1)Keeps on happening continues
2)Physical exercise and practice of skills training
3)Worries about things at home, school or work stress
八下unit8 section A 3a 九年級unit8 section A 3b八下unit8 section A 3a 有此類練習。
(3)根據上下文猜測生詞的含義。如:Use the clues from the passage to help you guess the meaning of the words in the box.(九年級unit4 section B 2d)
(4)利用同義語塊整體記憶詞匯。如:Complete the passage with proper
forms of the words and phrases in the box( 九年級unit4 section B 2e)
長此以往,學生會逐漸養成注意英語同義詞、反義詞及詞性異而詞根同的詞,并形成把它們連貫起來記憶的習慣。例如,foolish一詞與下列同義詞或反義詞可聯系起來:slow、stupid、dull、dumb、intelligent等,還有與foolish一詞詞根相同而詞性不同的詞:fool(n.)、fool(v.)、foolish(adj.)、foolishly(adv.)等。但是也要注意同義詞間的辨析。如:How much is this painting worth? Whats the value of the painting?
This painting is worth about 100,000yuan. The painting is valued at about 100,000 yuan. 對學生經常進行Paraphrase的訓練,學生就會對同義表達在形式上的區別加以注意,可以深入透徹理解詞義,從而達到掌握詞匯及其用法的目的。同時,學生學習新詞復習舊詞,提高了單詞的使用率。
2.靈活轉換句式
新教材要求學生能正確使用復雜句式,若能準確掌握并熟練運用,將會大大提高我們的語言表達水平,使我們的句式不至于太過單調,達到形式多變、生動活潑的效果。幫助學生透視句子的深層結構,豐富句子的表層結構。學生在教師給出答案之前,大膽的開動腦筋把所學的句型靈活變換,天長日久,就可避免逐詞逐句硬譯難句的毛病,而且也有助于用英語想英語能力的發展,況且為掌握語言的用法打下堅實的基礎。學生在學習過程中,自然而然會養成用英語來思維的好習慣。初始階段教師的任務不是讓學生嘗試著自己用一個句子去解釋另一個句子,而是能夠將兩個看似不同但意義近似或相同的句子相互匹配,并培養學生對如何以不同形式說出相同或相似意思的好奇心。
(1)單復句互相轉換(九年級unit3 section A1c)
Excuse me , could you please tell me how to get to the bookstore?
Excuse me , could you please tell me how I can get to the bookstore?
David was so careless that he didn't find the mistakes in his test paper. (變為簡單句)
David was__________careless_________find the mistakes in his test paper.
(2)語態轉換(九年級unit5 section B1d)
There is an international kite festival there every April.
The international kite festival is held in April every year.
(3)語法成分位置的移動(九年級unit5 section B1d)
People from all over the world compete in kite flying.
The competitors at the festival are from all over the world.
(4)固定句式的轉換
Jeff is less serious than most kids.(F) (八上unit3 section B 2c)
Im quieter and more serious than most kids.
Huang Lei isnt as good at tennis as Larry.(T)
We both like sports ,but he plays tennis better, so he always win.
Neither of us did any housework for a week. (八下unit3 section A 3b)
For one week, she didnt do any housework and neither did I.
(5)熟詞生義(八下unit1 section A3b)
Some passengers helped to get the old man onto the bus. ( get 此處是沿……移動,艱難地移動 與move 同義)
Some passengers helped Mr. Wang to move the old man onto the bus.
(6)替換或增添連詞
My mom came over as soon as I sat down in front of the TV. (八下unit3 section A3b)
The minute I sat down in front of the TV, my mom came over.
The sun shines straight into the Stonehenge as the stones were put in a special position. (九年級unit8 section B1d)
The large stones were put together in a certain way. On midsummers morning, the sun shines directly into the center of the stones.
3.踐行整體教學
教學大綱中明確指出:“課文首先應作為整體教學”。也就是說課文教學中應從全篇內容著眼,既要防止只講語言點而忽略通篇內容,也要避免只注重文章內容而忽視語言基礎訓練。課文教學在學生全面理解課文的基礎上培養他們應用英語的能力。然而,學生在學習一些課文時,往往不理解整段或整篇文章的含義,出現“只見樹木,不見森林”的問題。學生即使看幾遍仍然感到不知所云。若能把paraphrase教學法滲透到閱讀教學中,效果就不同了。在閱讀教學中運用paraphrase進行語篇整體教學的優點在于幫助學生們理清思路,抓住細節,完整、系統地進行語篇閱讀與理解,理解作者寫作意圖等,從而提高推理歸納能力,同時可以培養學生用英語進行思維的能力和提高學生的語言運用能力。
下面我就以(八下unit58 section B 2c& 2d)為例,談談筆者是如何在語篇教學中滲透paraphrase。
(1)Read the passage again and underline the main ideas. Then use the underlined text to write short answers to the questions below.
(2)Use the notes you made in 2c to write a short summary of the passage. Write no more than 100 words.
Main idea:
Para 1 Sarah is an American girl and she loves American country music
Para2 Country is a traditional kind of music from the southern states of America. However, country music brings us back to the “good old days” when people were kind to each other and trusted one another.
本文共三段。在閱讀教學的導入及skimming 環節后,要求學生找出每段的topic sentence。然后鼓勵學生用更簡單的英語來paraphrase這三句,并引導學生注意關鍵動詞。在這過程中,學生既運用英語,也訓練了理解歸納能力,學生積極發言,很快給出了更明了的表達,即:
Sarah is an American girl who used to fight over almost everything with her family. While she was studying in England, she heard a country music song which made her think of her family and friends. She became a fan of country music. Country music is a traditional kind of music from the southern states of America.
同時,在多種paraphrase答案中感受到了英語表達的多樣性。最重要的是體驗到了運用英語的成就感。為課文的下一步閱讀教學奠定了基礎。此外,復述、改寫、縮寫、擴寫等都是paraphrase在語篇教學中的運用,老師應采取多種paraphrase方式,來提高閱讀教學的效果。
三、結論
總之,paraphrase在初中中閱讀教學中的十分重要。培養學生的paraphrase能力,既能訓練學生的理解能力,表達能力,逐步培養“用英語思維”的能力,還能讓學生學以致用。 Paraphrase這種教學方法鼓勵學生“用腦思考”, 充分激發了他們的潛能,發展心智,符合“素質教育”思想,值得提倡。
參考文獻:
[1]新版人教版新目標學生用書.
[2]新版人教版新目標教師教學用書.