范茜 周波
摘要介紹了傣族“竜林”的歷史變遷概況,將其變遷的動因歸結為人口急劇增加、農業生產方式改變、外來文化對傣族傳統文化的沖擊。分析了傣族“竜林”變遷的生態及社會后果,認為其生態后果是導致水土流失、自然災害頻發,而社會后果是使得傣族傳統生態觀念淡薄、傳統社會道德觀逐漸缺失。在此基礎上,提出傣族“竜林”保護的對策和建議,強調要樹立傣族傳統文化的自信心,開展“竜林”資源調查和梳理工作,制訂傣族“竜林”保護規劃,以及在生態學指導下進行“竜林”旅游景點開發。
關鍵詞傣族;“竜林”;變遷;生態觀念;道德觀;傳統文化
中圖分類號TU98文獻標識碼
A文章編號0517-6611(2017)20-0255-04
AbstractThe historical changes of the “long forest” is introduced,while the reasons for the change are attributed to the rapid increase of population,the change of agricultural production mode and the impact of foreign culture on the traditional culture of Dai Nationality.The changes of ecological and social consequences of “long forest” are analyzed,and the ecological effect are specified as water and soil loss,frequent natural disasters,and the social effect as poor ecological consciousness of the local people and fading traditional morality.On this basis,protection countermeasures and suggestions about “long forest” are put forward,which emphasize to establish the traditional culture of the Dai Nationalitys selfconfidence,carry out the “long forest” resource survey and review work,formulate the protection planning of “long forest”,as well as develope “long forest” tourist attractionin under the guidance of ecology.
Key wordsDai nationality;“Long forest”;Change;Ecological concept;Moral outlook;Traditional culture
“long”音在傣語中的意思是森林,漢語通常將其翻譯為“龍、壟、隴、竜”等。自從桑木底創立寨神勐神之后,傣族先民就把供奉祖先神靈的水源林敬奉為“竜林”。作為村寨的神林,除了舉行祭祀活動外,任何人都不能隨意進入,“竜林”內的山水、林木、鳥獸蟲魚等均神圣不可侵犯。傣族先民以“竜林”崇拜的方式敬仰森林,以禁忌的方式阻止人們對森林和水源的破壞,借助這些措施,傣族“竜林”成為保存完好的自然保護區。
解放后,人口的劇增、傳統農業生產方式的改變和外來文化的沖擊,使得傣族地區的“竜林”資源與“竜林”文化受到毀滅性的打擊。“竜林”變遷所造成的生態和社會后果是十分嚴重的,水土流失、水資源匱乏、自然災害頻發等現象正是現今傣族地區生態環境惡化的明顯表征。……