李海東 張強華 何守玉
[摘要] 目的 探討前路椎體次全切鈦網植骨融合內固定術(anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion,ACCF)與前路椎間盤切除Cage 植骨融合內固定術(anterior cervical discectomy and fusion,ACDF)治療相鄰雙節段脊髓型頸椎病的中期療效及并發癥發生情況。 方法 分析2010年1月~2014年12月期間共252例相鄰雙節段脊髓型頸椎病行頸前路減壓融合內固定患者的臨床資料,分為兩組,ACCF組137例,ACDF組115例。比較兩組患者手術時間、出血量、術前及術后日本矯形外科協會(Japanese orthopaedic association,JOA)評分、頸椎殘障功能指數(Neck disability index,NDI)以及隨訪期間出現的并發癥情況。 結果 兩組人群手術時間及術中出血量無明顯差異(P<0.05);隨訪過程中失訪25例,其余均術后隨訪36個月。末次隨訪時,ACCF組患者JOA、NDI指數分別為(14.56±1.89)分,(6.26±1.29);ACDF組JOA、NDI指數分別為(14.28±1.78)分,(6.30±1.12),均較術前明顯改善,但組間差異無統計學意義(P<0.05)。共有61例在術后36個月內出現并發癥,發生率26.87%,其中ACCF組33例(包括吞咽不適2例,內固定相關并發癥1例,鄰近節段退變26例,融合失敗1例,C5神經根麻痹3例);ACDF組28例(傷口感染1例,吞咽不適1例,內固定相關并發癥1例,鄰近節段退變23例,融合失敗1例,C5神經根麻痹1例)。結論 兩組手術方案在鄰近雙節段頸椎病的治療上中期臨床效果相當。ACDF組并發癥發生率略高(26.9% vs 26.6%),但無明顯統計學差異。ACDF組鄰近節段退變發生率稍高,而ACCF組C5神經根麻痹的發生率稍高。
[關鍵詞] 脊髓型頸椎病;前路手術;中期療效;并發癥
[中圖分類號] R687.3 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-9701(2018)28-0018-05
[Abstract] Objective To analyze and compare the mid-term efficacy and complications of anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion(ACCF) and anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) in the treatment of adjacent dual-segmental cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Methods The clinical data of 252 patients with adjacent dual-segmental cervical spondylotic myelopathy undergoing anterior cervical decompression and fusion internal fixation from January 2010 to December 2014 were analyzed and the patients were divided into two groups. There were 137 patients in ACCF group and 115 patients in ACDF group. The operation time, amount of blood loss, preoperative and postoperative Japanese orthopaedic association(JOA) scores, and neck disability index(NDI), as well as the complications that occurred during follow-up visit were compared between the two groups. Results There was no significant difference in operation time and intraoperative blood loss between the two groups(P<0.05); during follow-up visit, 25 patients were lost to follow-up, and the rest were followed up for 36 months after surgery. At the final follow-up visit, the JOD and NDI index in the ACCF group were (14.56±1.89) and (6.26±1.29) respectively; the JOA and NDI index in the ACDF group were (14.28±1.78) and(6.30±1.12) respectively. All of them were significantly improved compared before surgery(P<0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. A total of 61 patients had complications within 36 months after operation, with the incidence rate of 26.87%. There were 33 cases in ACCF group (including 2 cases of swallowing discomfort, 1 case of internal fixation-related complications, 26 cases of adjacent segment degeneration, 1 case of fusion failure, and 3 cases of C5 nerve root palsy). There were 28 patients in the ACDF group (1 case of wound infection, 1 case of swallowing discomfort, 1 case of internal fixation-related complications, 23 cases of adjacent segment degeneration, 1 case of fusion failure, and 1 case of C5 nerve root palsy). Conclusion The two groups of surgical plans have similar clinical effects in the treatment of adjacent dual-segmental cervical spondylosis. The incidence rate of complications in the ACDF group is slightly higher(26.9% vs 26.6%), but there is no statistically significant difference. The incidence rate of adjacent segmental degeneration in the ACDF group is slightly higher, while the incidence rate of C5 nerve root palsy in the ACCF group is slightly higher.
[Key words] Cervical spondylotic myelopathy; Anterior approach; Mid-term efficacy; Complications
Smith于1958年首次提出頸椎前路減壓植骨融合手術,經過幾十年的發展和改進,目前該手術被廣泛運用于治療頸椎退行性病變、腫瘤、外傷及感染性病變。其中,ACCF和ACDF是臨床上使用最多的兩種頸椎前路減壓手術[1-3]。這兩種術式具有直接解除致壓物對脊髓的壓迫、預防因脊髓后移而產生的神經根牽張性損害、術后療效穩定等優勢。ACDF手術往往局限于單純的頸椎間盤突出導致的脊髓壓迫患者,而當椎體后緣層面出現巨大骨贅、后縱韌帶骨化壓迫脊髓或同時存在椎管狹窄時,因ACCF減壓范圍更大,植骨更充分而被廣泛采用[4-5]。對于雙節段脊髓型頸椎病的患者,往往同時存在椎間盤退變突出、椎體后緣骨贅或后縱韌帶骨化等問題,如何實行精確而又徹底的減壓,減少不必要的損傷,快速促進康復一直是研究熱點,但目前尚無統一的治療方案。本研究針對相鄰雙節段脊髓型頸椎病的患者,分別采用ACDF或ACCF術式,對兩組術后中期療效及并發癥情況進行分析比較,為該類患者選擇更合適的治療方法提供依據。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選擇2010年1月~2014年12月在我院行頸椎前路手術治療的相鄰雙節段脊髓型頸椎病的患者資料進行分析。其中男116例,女136例,共252例;平均年齡53.8歲(32~76歲)。納入標準:患者存在典型的脊髓型頸椎病癥狀及體征,經正規保守治療6個月無效,且患者病史、體征及影像學資料證實存在手術指征。排除標準:二次手術、脊柱創傷、感染、腫瘤、畸形、頸椎后縱韌帶骨化(ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament,OPLL)、先天性椎管狹窄。根據患者入院先后順序隨機將患者分為兩組:其中ACCF組137例,男65例,女72例,平均年齡54.4歲;ACDF組115例,其中男51例,女64例,平均年齡54.6歲。兩組的年齡、性別、手術節段等指標基線資料一致,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。見表1。
1.2 方法
A組采用標準ACDF法,減壓過程中首先切除病變節段的頸椎椎間盤,刮匙刮除椎體后緣骨贅,切除后縱韌帶,處理終板后在cage中填充術中切除的碎骨,適當撐開椎間隙后置人工cage。椎體前方以頸前路鋼板固定(圖1);B組采用標準ACCF法,首先摘除病變的兩個節段椎間盤,切除責任椎體,勾刀切開后縱韌帶,處理椎體后緣骨贅,選取合適長度鈦網,將減壓過程中切除的碎骨填入鈦網,將鈦網置入骨槽,撐開恢復頸椎高度,以頸前路鋼板固定(圖2)。手術器械均由美敦力公司提供,手術均由同一主刀醫生完成。
所有患者術后24 h停抗生素,術后第1天可下地行走,術后48 h內拔除引流管。囑咐患者術后頸托制動2個月。
1.3 觀察指標
分別記錄兩組手術患者術中出血量、手術時間;記錄患者術前、術后3 d及隨訪過程中的JOA評分及NDI指數。患者術后3個月、12個月及36個月時進行隨訪。隨訪過程中行頸椎正側位及動力位X線檢查,記錄隨訪過程中出現的并發癥情況,包括傷口感染、吞咽梗阻感、內固定松動、斷裂、臨近節段退變(adjacent segment degeneration,ASD)、融合失敗及C5神經根麻痹等。植骨融合判斷標準:(1)在終板和植骨塊之間存在骨橋;(2)屈伸動力位X線片上融合節段無活動度;(3)融合器周圍及螺釘周圍無透光帶表現[6-7]。根據X線Kellgren分級法:0級,關節間隙正常,無骨贅;1級,關節間隙可以變窄,可能有骨贅;2級,關節間隙可以變窄,有明顯骨贅;3級,關節間隙明確變窄,中等量骨贅,有硬化性改變;4級,關節間隙明顯變窄,大量骨贅,嚴重硬化性改變。本研究認為鄰近節段退變指Kellgren分級≥2級。
1.4 統計學方法
本研究采用SPSS16.0統計軟件。計量資料使用(x±s)表示,采用獨立樣本t檢驗進行統計分析,以P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 兩組手術情況及術后療效比較
ACDF組平均手術時間(136.32±30.64)min,ACCF組手術時間(145.42±14.82)min,組間差異無統計學意義(P>0.05);ACDF組平均出血量(61.55±27.4)mL,少于ACCF組(65.48±21.94)mL,但差異亦無統計學意義(P>0.05)。見表2。在隨訪過程中,ACCF組失訪13例,ACDF組失訪12例,其余患者均得到隨訪。ACCF組術后第3天、3個月、1年和3年的JOA評分分別為(9.26±1.39)分、(11.26±1.23)分、(14.26±1.89)分、14.56±1.89)分,較術前明顯好轉,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);ACDF組術后第3天、3個月、1年和3年的JOA評分分別(9.10±1.32)分、(11.30±1.43)分、(14.30±1.99)分、(14.28±1.78)分,較術前明顯好轉,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);但組間同時間段比較差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。見表3。ACCF組術后第3天、3個月、1年和3年的NDI指數分別為(17.26±2.89)、(11.63±1.89)、(10.26±1.18)、(6.26±1.29),較術前明顯好轉,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);ACDF組術后同時段隨訪時的NDI指數分別為(17.30±2.99)、(12.30±1.99)、(10.30±1.29)、(6.30±1.12),均較術前明顯好轉,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);但組間同時間段比較差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。見表4。
2.2 兩組術后并發癥比較
在隨訪過程中,ACCF組失訪13例,ACDF組失訪12例,其余患者均得到隨訪。在所有得到隨訪的227例患者中,61例出現中期并發癥(ACCF組33例,ACDF組28例),發生率達26.87%,詳見表5。兩組人群在傷口情況、內固定相關并發癥及融合率等方面無明顯差異(P>0.05);ASD發生率ACDF組略高,但無統計學差異(22.33% vs 20.97%);而C5神經根麻痹發生率ACCF組高于ACDF組,但亦無統計學意義(P>0.05)。ASD為本研究的主要中期并發癥,發生率為21.59%。ACCF組中22例出現上位ASD,4例出現下位ASD;ACDF組中21例出現上位ASD,2例出現下位ASD。本研究中3例ASD患者出現神經根及脊髓壓迫癥狀,經口服消炎鎮痛藥、聯合激素及營養神經等對癥處理,2例癥狀緩解,1例經保守治療無效后行Ⅱ期翻修手術。兩組人群組間ASD分布無統計學差異(P>0.05)。
3 討論
頸椎前路手術不僅能夠對壓迫脊髓的病變組織進行直接切除,減壓效果更加明確,而且能夠進行椎間植骨,恢復頸椎前凸,重建病變節段的穩定性,是目前頸椎病外科治療的一種主流術式。對于連續性雙節段或多節段脊髓型頸椎病,經前路減壓的主要方式有ACDF及ACCF兩種手術方式,均可以從前方直接去除致壓物,大多數文獻報道神經功能恢復效果滿意[8-9]。
椎體次全切手術操作時不僅術野開闊,有利于充分減壓及術中脊髓損傷風險性較低,而且術中切除的碎骨粒又可作為自體植骨材料,術后植骨融合率高而得到許多學者的青睞[10-11]。有的學者認為ACDF術中減壓過程中無須處理后縱韌帶,通過椎間隙撐開固定融合能夠取得脊髓間接減壓目的,并且能夠減少術中脊髓損傷的風險[12]。Bohlman等[12]研究報道了17例脊髓型頸椎病患者,采用椎間盤摘除椎間融合術(ACDF術),術中既不去除骨贅也不去除后縱韌帶,術后16例患者取得優和良的臨床效果,優良率達94%。Kadoya等[13]報道了手術治療43例脊髓型頸椎病患者,術中在顯微鏡下常規去除椎體骨贅及后縱韌帶,無1例出現醫源性脊髓損傷。Oh在一項31例的回顧性研究中發現,ACCF和ACDF治療兩節段脊髓型頸椎病臨床療效相似,但在患者合并發育性椎管狹窄、椎體后緣合并OPLL、終板后緣大塊骨贅、大塊椎間盤脫出椎體后緣時應當首選ACCF[14]。Liu等[15]在一項5年的隨訪研究中發現,ACCF和ACDF在兩節段脊髓型頸椎病的治療上均具有良好的臨床療效和較高的術后融合率,但是ACDF手術具有出血少、手術時間短、頸椎生理前凸恢復好等優勢[15]。根據我們的經驗,術中減壓常規切除增生的骨贅及后縱韌帶,手術難度并不增加,不會增加脊髓損傷的風險。本研究中,ACDF組手術時間更短、術中出血更少,但并無顯著差異;患者術后隨訪時VAS及NDI指數較術前明顯改善,但組間無明顯差異,手術效果相當。
盡管前路手術是治療脊髓型頸椎病的主流術式,但其也不可避免地存在諸多問題,比如更加容易出現腦脊液漏、神經損傷、食管瘺、吞咽困難、鄰近節段退變等并發癥。在本研究隨訪期間共有61例患者出現各種并發癥,其中ACCF組33例,ACDF組28例,總發生率26.87%,包括吞咽困難、C5神經根麻痹、ASD及切口感染等。兩組術后并發癥無明顯統計學差異。本研究中,ASD是兩組術后主要的并發癥,發生率分別為20.97%和22.33%。
文獻報道頸椎前路減壓融合內固定術后中遠期主要的并發癥為ASD的發生,包括椎體前后方骨贅形成、椎間失穩、椎間隙變窄、椎間盤退變突出等,其發生率達50%~60%[16]。目前,ASD的發生機制不完全清楚,大部分學者認為頸椎融合術后運動單元減少,運動范圍減少,運動方式改變,導致局部節段應力集中,是造成鄰近節段退變的主要原因[17]。Olsewski等[18]研究顯示,術前患者年齡越大,術后ASD的可能性越大,Song等[19]指出年齡導致的自然退變甚于融合本身對ASD發展的影響。目前大多數研究認為融合節段數是ASD的影響因素之一。Chung等[20]認為融合節段越多將更有可能促進ASD的發展。Song等[21]研究發現當頸椎管率<0.70時更容易發生ASD,椎管的大小可能會影響ASD的發展。本研究ASD發生率為21.59%,比較低的原因可能與隨訪時間不夠長有關。ACCF組26例出現ASD,ACDF組23例出現ASD,差異無統計學意義,因此我們有理由認為相鄰雙節段頸椎病術后ASD的發生與手術方式無關,可能與患者的年齡、生活方式、頸椎自然退變等有關。
總之,在相鄰雙節段頸椎病的治療上,ACCF和ACDF中期手術效果相當,ACDF術后中期并發癥稍高,但組間差異無統計學意義,而C5神經根麻痹的發生率ACCF組高于ACDF組。我們在診治相鄰雙節段頸椎病這一特殊疾病時,應根據脊髓致壓物的性質、來源、部位及大小等多方面綜合考慮,選擇合理的手術方案,規范化手術操作,并輔以科學周密的圍手術期護理,降低中長期并發癥。
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(收稿日期:2018-03-24)