石莎 殷海善 秦作霞 李惠
摘 要:鮮食棗產業是我國紅棗產業的有機組成部分,從制干棗向鮮食棗轉型是我國紅棗產區擺脫危機的途徑之一。文章以山西臨猗鮮食棗的發展為例,采用邏輯分析、比較分析等方法對其研究。結果表明,優勢光熱資源和良好的立地條件是鮮食棗發展的基本前提;鮮食棗產業是一個典型的資金密集型產業;鮮食棗產業是一個典型的精耕細作勞動密集型產業;鮮食棗產業是一個典型的市場高效率型產業。最后,提出鮮食棗產業發展的建議:適度規模發展是產業健康發展的基礎;品質管理是產業健康發展的生命;提高設施大棚的機械化、智能化管理水平和增強鮮食棗產業的社會化服務水平是產業健康發展的保障。
關鍵詞:產業經濟學;經濟特征;鮮食棗產業;現狀;經驗
中圖分類號:S665.1 文獻標識碼:A DOI 編碼:10.3969/j.issn.1006-6500.2018.06.003
Study on the Economic Characteristics and Development Ideas of Fresh Date Industry:With Linyi Fresh Dates as an Example
SHI Sha, YIN Haishan, QIN Zuoxia, LI Hui
(Institute of Agricultural Resource and Economy, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China)
Abstract: Fresh date industry was an organic part of red date industry in China. The transformation from the dry date to the fresh date was one of the ways to get rid of crisis in Chinese date production areas. This paper adopted logical analysis, comparative analysis with Linyi fresh dates as an example. The results showed that the advantages of light and heat resources and good site conditions were the basic prerequisite for the development of fresh date. Fresh date industry was a typical capital intensive industry. Fresh date industry was a typical intensive and meticulous farming labor intensive industry. Fresh date industry was a typical market efficient industry. Finally, put forward suggestions for the development of fresh jujube industry: moderate scale development was the foundation of healthy development of industry; quality management was the life of the healthy development of industry; improving the mechanization and intelligent management level of greenhouse and enhancing the social service level of fresh date industry were the guarantee of the healthy development of the industry.
Key words: industrial economics; economic characteristic; fresh dates industry; current situation; experience
鮮食棗是指果實適宜鮮食的棗,其一般具有果肉脆甜、新鮮多汁、適口性好的特點。據《中國果樹志·棗卷》中記載,共有700個棗品種,其中,鮮食棗品種為261個,占所有棗種的1/3以上[1]。我國鮮食棗大規模發展始于20世紀80年代中后期,山西臨猗梨棗率先成為我國鮮食棗產業的開創者,隨之梨棗品種遍布全國各地。到了20世紀末期,沾化冬棗異軍突起,以其無可比擬的品質迅速占領市場,此后形成冬棗一統鮮食棗天下的格局。
我國鮮食棗產業發展迅速,北方棗區是鮮食棗的主產區[2],目前已形成鮮食棗規模化種植的縣主要有山東沾化、陜西大荔、山西臨猗、河北黃燁4個主產縣(區),主栽品種有冬棗、子彈頭、爆米花、早脆王等。
在全國紅棗制干棗供大于求、效益低下、撂荒刨樹的情況下,鮮食棗產業依然維持著高收益,且能夠吸引年輕人加入從業,很多紅棗主產縣(區)都在學習、模仿鮮食棗生產,但多數以失敗告終,顯然,鮮食棗產業有不同于制干棗產業的經濟特征和規律,研究鮮食棗產業經濟特征和規律,是鮮食棗產業健康、可持續發展的理論保障。
本研究以山西省臨猗縣設施鮮食棗產業為例,總結鮮食棗產業發展的經濟特征和規律,旨在促進鮮食棗產業健康和可持續發展。
1 研究區和鮮食棗產業概況
1.1 臨猗縣鮮食棗生產概況