錢曉珍 李靜
摘 要 藥物性高血壓是某些藥物的不良反應,也是鑒別繼發(fā)性高血壓時不可忽視的因素。藥物性高血壓的早期癥狀不易發(fā)現(xiàn),可進展成累及器官的嚴重高血壓,甚至發(fā)生高血壓危象,從而影響疾病治療效果,甚至造成治療終止。因此,評估、預防、發(fā)現(xiàn)和治療藥物性高血壓,提高患者治療的有效性和安全性已刻不容緩。全文對藥物性高血壓的發(fā)生機制、作用特點及防治等展開論述。
關鍵詞 藥物性高血壓;不良反應;預防;治療
中圖分類號:R544.1 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1006-1533(2019)18-0003-06
Drug-induced hypertension and the management measures
QIAN Xiaozhen1, LI Jing2
(1. Department of Pharmacy of First Hospital affiliated to China University of Science and Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China; 2. Department of Pharmacy of Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China)
ABSTRACT Drug-induced hypertension is one of the adverse reactions of some drugs, and is also a factor that cannot be ignored when secondary hypertension is identified. The inchoate symptom of drug-induced hypertension is not easy to be found. It can develop into severe hypertension with target organs involvement or even hypertensive crisis, which may affect the therapeutic effect of the disease and even cause termination of the treatment. Therefore, it is urgent to evaluate, prevent, discover and treat drug-induced hypertension and improve the efficacy and safety of treatment for patients. The full text discusses the mechanism, characteristics, prevention and treatment of drug-induced hypertension.
KEY WORDS drug-induced hypertension; adverse reaction; prevention; treatment
高血壓是心血管事件發(fā)生的重要因素之一,中國高血壓患者持續(xù)性增加,而高血壓的知曉率、認知率和控制率仍較低,使高血壓導致的心血管住院率、死亡率均增加。高血壓包括原發(fā)性高血壓和繼發(fā)性高血壓,繼發(fā)性高血壓中藥物性高血壓所占比例不少。藥物性高血壓指常規(guī)劑量的藥物本身或該藥物與其他藥物之間發(fā)生相互作用而引起血壓升高并超過正常范圍(>140/90 mmHg),或高血壓患者在藥物治療過程中血壓進一步升高,或已降至正常的血壓出現(xiàn)反跳,有的甚至出現(xiàn)高血壓危象。本文對致藥物性高血壓藥物的不良反應機制、作用特點及防治作一綜述。
在大多數(shù)情況下,藥物性高血壓是可以預見的,是可逆/可控的,可以采取一定的措施防治。常見可致藥物性高血壓的藥物見表1。
1 激素類藥物
1.1 致高血壓的作用機制[1]
引起高血壓的激素有孕激素、鹽皮質激素、糖皮質激素等,口服避孕藥中所含的雌激素具有鹽皮質激素樣作用。激素類藥物能促進水鈉潴留,使血管內液體向組織間隙轉移,減少循環(huán)血量,興奮交感神經(jīng),導致血壓升高,還可使血漿肝源性和腎源性血管緊張素原濃度增加,使腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng)(RAAS)活性增加,提高血管平滑肌對血管收縮物質的敏感性,進一步升高血壓。
1.2 致高血壓的作用特點
長期口服避孕藥可導致血壓升高,即使使用含低劑量雌激素藥片,也有高血壓的報道[2]。天然糖皮質激素和合成糖皮質激素對血壓有不同的影響。合成糖皮質激素對血壓的影響取決于給藥劑量、給藥時間、糖皮質激素類型和給藥途徑[3]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在使用人工合成糖皮質激素的患者中至少有20%發(fā)生高血壓[4],另外,腎上腺皮質激素類藥物中鹽皮質激素樣作用越強,越易導致高血壓的發(fā)生,如氫化可的松、可的松、潑尼松及潑尼松龍等具有較強的致高血壓作用[4-5]。
1.3 致藥物性高血壓的防治措施[1,4]
對于腎上腺皮質激素所致的高血壓,應控制鈉鹽攝入,可能的話避免使用或減少給藥劑量,在患者情況允許時考慮更換其他給藥方式,如吸入、局部給藥等。口服避孕藥導致的高血壓可應用低劑量(20~30 mg炔雌醇)或僅孕激素或其他節(jié)育方式,高血壓未控制的婦女避免使用含雌激素的避孕藥。經(jīng)減量、更換給藥方式等處理,血壓仍不能恢復,則考慮使用排鈉利尿作用的利尿劑,降低血容量、心輸出量,從而降低血壓。對于該類藥物性高血壓,單純螺內酯不一定能有效控制,可以在利尿劑基礎上加用血管緊張素轉化酶抑制劑(ACEI)或血管緊張素受體Ⅱ受體拮抗劑(ARB)或醛固酮受體拮抗劑,注意密切監(jiān)測血鉀。
9 總結
綜上所述,藥物性高血壓的預防重于治療。在使用某種藥物前,應仔細詢問既往史和用藥史,包括西藥、中藥、保健品、是否飲酒等,充分了解藥物致高血壓的不良反應,尤其是高危人群應避免使用致高血壓藥物,優(yōu)選其他同療效而無或較小致高血壓的藥物。一旦使用可能引起高血壓藥物,則應注意監(jiān)測血壓,必要時結合實驗室檢查和指標,一旦明確為藥物性高血壓后,立即評估藥物治療的風險和獲益,若風險大于獲益,應停藥/減量或更換為對血壓影響較小的藥物,大多數(shù)患者停藥或減量后,血壓可恢復正常。對于血壓升高嚴重或不能自行恢復的患者,應根據(jù)藥物致血壓升高機制選擇合適的降壓藥物,保證患者藥物治療的安全性和有效性。
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