趙勝利 李鑫 閔少雄
[摘要] 自發性椎管內硬膜外血腫(SSEH)指不明原因引起的椎管內硬膜外腔內異常積血,該病兒童發病率較低。延遲的手術減壓可能造成患兒嚴重的神經功能障礙甚至終身癱瘓。椎板切除減壓血腫引流是治療SSEH的首選方法,但該方法創傷大,破壞后柱穩定性,在兒童病例中的應用尚存爭議。本文報道了2例SSEH兒童病例,最初癥狀為頸部疼痛或肢體麻木無力,血腫經MRI已證實。入院完善檢查后急診行改良單開門椎板成形血腫引流術,術后患兒頸痛癥狀消失,神經功能缺損恢復,隨訪3個月未見明顯脊柱后凸畸形。本文旨在強調改良單開門椎板成形術在治療兒童SSEH中的潛在優勢。
[關鍵詞] 自發性椎管內硬膜外血腫;兒童;單開門椎板成形術;治療;微創手術
[中圖分類號] R651.1? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2020)03(c)-0160-04
[Abstract] Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH) is an unexplained abnormal accumulation of blood in the spinal epidural space, and the disease has a lower incidence in children. Delayed surgical decompression can lead to severe neurological impairment or even lifelong paralysis. Decompression hematoma drainage by laminectomy is the preferred treatment for SSEH. However, the application of this method in children cases is still controversial because it is highly invasive and damages the stability of posterior column. Two cases of SSEH children with initial symptoms of neck pain or limb numbness and weakness were reported. The hematoma was confirmed by MRI. After complete examination at admission, hematoma drainage with modified single open door laminoplasty was performed in the emergency department. Postoperative symptoms of neck pain disappeared. Recovery of neurological impairment. No obvious kyphosis deformity was found during 3 months of follow-up. This article aims to highlight the potential advantages of improved single-door laminoplasty in the treatment of SSEH in children.
[Key words] Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma; Children; One-side open door laminoplasty; Treatment; Minimally invasive surgery
自發性椎管內硬膜外血腫(SSEH)是引起脊髓壓迫的少見原因。根據既往報道,只有10%的SSEH患兒有明確的病因[1]。SSEH的臨床表現與腦膜炎[2]、蛛網膜下腔出血[3]、格林-巴利綜合征(GBS)[4-5]或腦癱[6]相似,但與以上疾病比較,SSEH對脊髓的壓迫更直接、更迅速。手術時間窗和術前神經功能狀態是目前公認的影響預后的重要因素[7-8]。然而,與成年人比較,兒童似乎更能忍受脊髓壓迫,及時的外科減壓更有可能恢復失去的神經功能[6,9]。兒童處于生長發育關鍵時期,傳統椎板切除減壓術創傷大,術后脊柱失穩風險高,手術方法的正確選擇對兒童未來成長和發展將產生深遠的影響[10]。本文報道2例兒童SSEH病例,我們采用改良的單開門椎板成形術引流血腫,術后影像學檢查證實血腫得到充分引流,患兒疼痛和神經功能缺損癥狀得到完全恢復。現報道如下:
1 病例資料
1.1 病例1
患兒男,7歲,因“摔倒后頸痛16 d,右上肢麻木無力3 d”于2017年1月25日來南方醫科大學珠江醫院(以下簡稱“我院”)脊柱外科就診。患者傷后即至當地醫院就診,予以保守治療(具體不詳),效果欠佳。近3 d癥狀加重,逐漸出現右上肢麻木無力。我院脊柱外科查體示:右上肢肘關節以下尺側感覺減退,肌力Ⅳ級,右側臂叢牽拉試驗(+),雙下肢肌張力高,腱反射活躍。實驗室檢查(如血小板計數、凝血酶原時間、活化部分凝血活酶時間、肝腎功能等)結果未見明顯異常。入院后即行頭頸CT檢查,示C6~T1椎管內硬膜外等密度團塊,臨近脊髓受壓。MRI檢查示C6~T1矢狀位短T1、長T2信號改變,增強掃描為高信號,脊髓向左后方移位明顯,并出現缺血性改變(圖1A、B、C)。診斷為脊柱椎管內硬膜外血腫(急性或亞急性期)。立即行C6~T1改良開門椎板成形血腫引流術。手術過程簡述如下:麻醉成功后,患兒取俯臥位,頭稍前屈。常規碘伏消毒,鋪無菌單,貼無菌膜。取頸部后正中切口,長約6 cm,切開皮膚、皮下組織及頸項筋膜,沿棘突行骨膜下剝離,顯露C6~T2棘突、椎板和雙側側塊。用磨鉆將C6~T1右側椎板與側塊結合處磨斷,磨去左側椎板與側塊結合處外側皮質,保留內側皮質。將椎板向左側打開。此時,大量黑褐色陳舊性血液經間隙流出。顯露硬膜囊,大量生理鹽水沖洗。可見硬膜囊表面已無積血,搏動良好。將打開的椎板復原,用絲線將棘突與左側椎旁肌縫合。冰鹽水沖洗創面,確定無活動性出血。放置負壓引流管1根,紗布、棉片及器械清點無誤后逐層縫合切口,無菌紗布包扎,頸圍外固定,術畢。術后第1天,患者右上肢麻木癥狀改善,11 d后肌力恢復。術后復查MRI(圖1D、E、F)示血腫引流徹底,未見脊柱后凸畸形。
1.2 病例2
患兒女,4歲,因“頸痛伴雙上肢無力1周”于2016年12月29日入我院。患兒病后曾于當地醫院行牽引治療,未見好轉。雙手無力癥狀幾天來逐漸加重。當地醫院頭頸CT檢查示椎管占位。我院脊柱外科查體示臂叢神經牽拉試驗(+),雙上肢肌力Ⅲ級,雙下肢肌力正常,肌張力高,腱反射活躍,病理征(-)。血液常規、生化、肝腎功能、凝血6項等實驗室檢驗結果正常。入院當天行頭頸MRI檢查評估脊髓受壓情況,提示脊髓腹側硬膜外間隙梭形腫塊,從C6延伸至T3,高度懷疑急性硬膜外血腫。綜合評估后行C5~T1改良單開門椎板成形血腫引流術。術中磨鉆磨去右側椎板外皮質,左側椎板與側塊結合處切斷椎板,黑褐色高壓陳舊性血液自間隙流出(圖2A,B)。患者術后恢復良好。第8天出院時雙上肢肌力完全恢復。術后3個月復查MRI提示脊髓前仍有少量血腫,但患者頸部活動良好,無神經功能缺損。
2 討論
SSEH是一種可能導致永久性殘疾的少見疾病。該病多見于中年人,隨著輔助檢查技術的提高,SSEH在兒童中的診斷率逐漸提高[7,11-12]。動靜脈畸形(AVM)[13-14]和凝血障礙[15]是SSEH的常見病因,鐮狀細胞病[16]和輕微外傷[17]偶有報道。Yu等[18]分析了55例患者,平均年齡(31.8±15.7)歲,認為血腫多位于頸段和胸段。在兒童中,血腫常見于C5~T1[19]。頸、胸段缺乏靜脈瓣結構,該區域后靜脈叢大于腰段[20]。同時,頸胸交界處活動范圍大,臂叢自該區域穿行。這一特殊位置提示SSEH的發生與頸段和胸段的解剖學因素有關。
MRI可清楚顯示血腫的位置、范圍、與鄰近組織的關系、脊髓水腫[20]、異常擴張的硬膜外血管[14],推測血腫形成時間,甚至預測預后[21-22]。Skin等[23]對15例脊髓動靜脈瘺(AVF)患者進行MRI檢查,發現其中14例(93.3%)患者T2加權像呈現典型的“流動征”。Parla等[24]和Min等[6]報道了基于MRI發現高度懷疑AVM的患者,隨后的脊髓造影或術后病理檢查證實了診斷。Ratre等[8]建議在大多數情況下應優先行影像學檢查,當影像學檢查未提示明顯的血管畸形時,無需再進行血管造影,因為在緊急情況下,有創檢查將延誤及時治療。
SSEH的治療目標是及時解除脊髓壓迫,可以保守治療,也可以采取手術。當體格檢查及影像學檢查證實非嚴重神經壓迫患者,可采取保守治療,分以下兩種情況:①病因明確,查體未見明顯神經缺損癥狀,或影像學未提示明顯血腫壓迫[25],類似Rathi等[26]的報道;②病因不明,但最初癥狀輕微,或最初癥狀嚴重,但恢復迅速[27]。Kim等[28]建議,對于初始ASIA分級為E,或初始ASIA分級為C或D但有早期恢復跡象的患者,可采用保守治療。然而,臨床大多情況下患兒問診不清晰,查體不能配合,無法及時準確評估最初神經功能狀態。因此,很難判斷保守治療在短期內是否有效。為了避免可能的永久性神經損傷,建議在高度懷疑SSEH時積極行術前準備。
椎板切除術是SSEH的一線治療方法,可以實現脊髓壓迫部位的直接減壓和徹底的血腫引流[12,22,28-29],該方法同樣適用于兒童[19]。然而,該手術最大的缺點是它對脊柱機械穩定性的影響。整個椎板、部分關節面和韌帶的切除在脊柱失穩的發生或進展中起著重要作用[10]。這種風險在兒童中可能更為突出。在兒童發育過程中,涉及頸椎和胸椎手術可能導致胸椎后凸增加[29-30]。為減少脊柱失穩的發生,有學者建議只要適應證允許,應行部分椎板切除或跨節段椎板切除術[10]。椎板成形術是一種比椎板切除術創傷更小的脊髓減壓技術,但在以往的報道中很少采用這種方法清除血腫。在本報道的2例病例中,使用該方法治療兒童SSEH。切開患側椎板,而另一側仍保留著內側皮質。可見黑褐色高壓陳舊性血自間隙流出。用生理鹽水徹底沖洗創面,椎板復位不固定,棘突與椎旁肌縫合。該方法相比傳統椎板切除術創傷小、術中出血少、手術時間縮短,對脊柱后柱穩定性影響較小。本文報道的2例患者在術后3個月的隨訪過程中均未發現任何脊柱畸形或血腫復發的跡象。
近年來,有學者報道采取更加微創的方法治療SSEH。Tanriverdi等[31]描述在血腫中間去除一個節段的椎板,使用軟導管經硬膜外腔達血腫兩端,生理鹽水持續沖洗。術后復查頸胸MRI檢查顯示血腫得到完全清除。Fu等[32]使用管狀牽開器到達病變部位,達到血腫部位直接減壓,從而盡可能避免了手術部位骨結構和軟組織損傷。術中出血量僅50 mL,術后MRI顯示血腫完全清除。建議術前應充分考慮患者年齡、血腫部位、長度及性質,選擇合適的外科干預手段,在適應證允許的情況下,應積極推廣使用更加微創的方法來降低繼發性創傷和長期并發癥的發生率。
綜上所述,兒童SSEH是一種少見的急診病例。早期診斷、制訂個體化手術方案、及時減壓可以改善疾病預后。MRI是一種可靠的早期診斷工具。改良單開門椎板成形術相對于椎板切除創傷小,對脊柱穩定性影響小,能達到血腫的徹底引流,可能是治療兒童SSEH的更佳選擇。
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(收稿日期:2019-11-25? 本文編輯:封? ?華)