有機肥施用對農田土壤氮素累積和淋失的整合分析

鄭甜　史曉婧　康凌云　李順江　杜連鳳　劉靜

摘??? 要：分析有機肥施用對農田土壤氮素累積和淋失的影響，旨在為科學評估有機肥的生態環境效應提供基礎。以“有機肥”“農田”和“氮”為關鍵詞，在中國知網和“Web of Science”數據庫檢索2000—2022年期間發表的文獻，篩選出符合要求的文獻30篇，獲得數據116組。以單施化肥為對照，利用整合分析（Meta-analysis）方法揭示有機肥施用對農田土壤氮素累積和淋失的影響，明確有機肥氮投入量、有機肥氮替代化肥氮比例等因素的綜合效應。結果表明：與單施化肥相比，有機肥氮替代化肥氮可以顯著降低農田土壤淋溶液中硝態氮和可溶性總氮濃度，有效阻控土壤氮素淋失；同時，有機肥施用能顯著增加土壤全氮和微生物量氮含量以及提高土壤細菌、真菌和放線菌等微生物群落的數量，起到培肥土壤、改善微生物群落結果的作用；有機肥施用對作物產量有顯著影響。當有機肥氮替代化肥氮百分比控制在20%～50%時，可以有效控制土壤氮素淋失，并保證作物產量。綜上可知，有機肥施用顯著影響土壤氮素累積和淋失，但有機肥氮替代化肥氮百分比等因素對土壤氮素累積和淋失的影響還需深入探討。

關鍵詞：Meta分析；有機肥；土壤；淋溶水；氮含量

中圖分類號：S154??????? 文獻標識碼：A??????? DOI 編碼：10.3969/j.issn.1006－6500.2023.08.014

Effects of Organic Fertilizer Application on Nitrogen Leaching and Accumulation in Farmland Soil Based on Meta-analysis

ZHENG Tian1， SHI Xiaojing2， KANG Lingyun1， LI Shunjiang1， DU Lianfeng1， LIU Jing1

（1. Institute of Plant Nutrition， Resources and Environment， Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences， Beijing 100097， China; 2. Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Qixia County， Yantai，? Shandong 265300， China）

Abstract： Effects and key influencing factors of organic fertilizer application on nitrogen leaching and accumulation were analyzed， in order to provide technical parameters for scientific assessment of the ecological and environmental effects of organic fertilizers. The data were obtained by searching from the published papers in "CNKI" and "Web of Science" database from 2000 to 2022， using "Organic fertilizer"， "Farmland" and "Nitrogen" etc. as the main keywords. According to the requirement of meta-analysis， there were 116 sets of data for nitrogen contents in soil from 30 literatures. The effect value of organic fertilizer substitution for chemical fertilizer was defined as the response ratio of organic fertilizer treatment over chemical fertilizer treatment within a same trial， and Meta-analysis method was used to quantitatively analyze the contribution of each factor on organic fertilizer substantiation effects. Compared with chemical fertilizer， the replacement of organic fertilizer can significantly reduce the concentration of nitrate and total soluble nitrogen in soil leaching solution， and effectively prevent and control the leaching loss of soil nitrogen， the application of organic fertilizer can increase the content of total nitrogen and microbial biomass nitrogen， increase the number of bacteria， fungi and actinomycetes， and improve the soil fertility. However， the application of organic fertilizer has a significant impact on crop yield. When the ratio of organic fertilizer nitrogen to chemical fertilizer nitrogen is controlled at 20%-50%， the leaching loss of soil nitrogen can be effectively controlled and crop yield can be guaranteed. In conclusion， organic fertilizer can significantly effect nitrogen leaching and accumulation in farmland soil.However， the impact of factors such as the percentage of nitrogen substitution by organic fertilizers for synthetic fertilizers on soil nitrogen accumulation and leaching still needs further investigation.

Key words： Meta-analysis; organic manure; soil; leaching water; nitrogen content

施肥是農業生產中不可或缺的重要措施，被廣泛用于提高土壤肥力和作物產量，直接或間接影響土壤的理化性質[1-2]。但是，化肥過量施用導致土壤質量嚴重退化[3]。相比之下，施用有機肥可以改變土壤中的物理結構、養分含量、酶活性及微生物組群落結構，降低或消除因長期單施或過量施用無機肥對土壤質量所產生的負面影響[4]。……