摘要:頭痛是一種原發性頭痛障礙,通常表現為反復發作的中度至嚴重的頭痛,已成為全球50歲以下患者的一個主要致殘原因。偏頭痛是多種遺傳變異和環境危險因素共同作用的結果,B族維生素參與調節線粒體能量代謝和調節血管炎性反應。近年來研究發現B族維生素不足或缺乏(尤其是核黃素、葉酸、維生素B12)與偏頭痛有關,且補充B族維生素可以改善偏頭痛。本文就B族維生素與偏頭痛的相關性進行綜述,從而為其臨床治療提供參考。
關鍵詞:B族維生素;偏頭痛;同型半胱氨酸;能量代謝
中圖分類號:R747.2" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 文獻標識碼:A" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2024.14.038
文章編號:1006-1959(2024)14-0179-05
Research and Application Status of Correlation Between B Vitamins and Migraine
ZHOU Shao-juan
(Department of Medical Prevention Management,Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Nantong 226000,Jiangsu,China)
Abstract:Migraine is a primary headache disorder, usually manifested as recurrent moderate to severe headache, which has become a major cause of disability in patients under the age of 50 worldwide. Migraine is the result of a combination of genetic variations and environmental risk factors. B vitamins are involved in regulating mitochondrial energy metabolism and regulating vascular inflammatory response. In recent years, studies have found that B vitamin hypovitaminosis or B vitamin deficiency (especially riboflavin, folic acid, vitamin B12) is associated with migraine, and supplementation of B vitamins can improve migraine. This article reviews the correlation between B vitamins and migraine, so as to provide reference for its clinical treatment.
Key words:B vitamins;Migraine;Homocysteine;Energy metabolism
偏頭痛(migraine)是一種常見的神經系統疾病,主要表現為反復發作的一側或兩側搏動性頭痛,常伴有惡心、嘔吐、畏光、畏聲等癥狀,具有病程長、間歇性、反復發作、遷延難愈等特征[1]。目前,偏頭痛的發病率呈不斷升高趨勢,世界衛生組織將偏頭痛列為世界上第三大最常見和第六大致殘疾病[2]。女性偏頭痛的發生率是男性的2~3倍[3]。遺傳和環境因素在偏頭痛發作中起著一定的作用,年齡、性別和家族史、社會經濟地位或教育水平低、頭部損傷都被認為是偏頭痛的不可逆危險因素[4],有偏頭痛家族史也會增加發生偏頭痛的可能性[1]。此外,還有許多可逆的危險因素會引發偏頭痛。常見的包括超重、飲酒、吸煙、濫用咖啡因、壓力等。偏頭痛的發病機制尚未完全闡明,三叉神經通路激活、腦皮層擴散抑制(CSD)和神經源性炎癥,以及血管功能障礙,是偏頭痛可能的發病機制[5]。近來臨床研究發現[6],伴有線粒體功能障礙的能量產生不足是偏頭痛病理生理的基礎。大部分B族維生素與代謝和能量產生途徑有關,B族維生素的輔酶活性,可以調節多種細胞機制,尤其是在調節線粒體能量代謝方面[7]。本文主要對維生素B2、B6、B9、B12與偏頭痛的相關性進行綜述,以期為偏頭痛的相關治療提供參考。
1維生素B族與偏頭痛
1.1維生素B2(核黃素)" 維生素B2,也稱核黃素,是黃素腺嘌呤二核苷酸(FAD)和黃素單核苷酸(FMN)的前體,它們是線粒體能量產生過程中氧化—還原反應所需的兩種必要輔酶。因此,維生素B2在ATP的產生和平衡細胞能量代謝中起著重要的作用[8]。藥物遺傳學研究表明[9],維生素B2治療對非線粒體DNA單倍型的偏頭痛患者有效。這一觀察證實了維生素B2主要通過氧化—還原反應的電子轉移作用對偏頭痛起到保護作用。近年來,人們發現維生素B2通過多種作用機制改善氧化應激反應、線粒體功能障礙和神經炎癥[10]。
有8項試驗評估了核黃素在兒童偏頭痛中的作用,其中6項研究表明,使用核黃素治療持續至少3個月,可以降低兒童和青少年偏頭痛發作的頻率[11,13,16,17]、強度[11]和平均持續時間[12,13,15]。另2項研究卻顯示無明顯差異[14,18]。另外,一項回顧性研究表明[19],小劑量核黃素對小兒偏頭痛有預防作用。
關于核黃素的使用劑量,已有研究的使用劑量從10 mg到400 mg不等。但現有的研究表明[20],不同劑量的核黃素的藥代動力學沒有顯著差異。目前尚無法確定核黃素的治療使用劑量。但由于維生素B2耐受性好,副作用小,使得治療試驗的風險相對較低[21]。
由于現有的證據有限,維生素B2對兒童偏頭痛預防的有效性尚不明確。在成人患者中服用高劑量維生素B2治療偏頭痛似乎有一定的作用。
1.2維生素B6(吡哆醇)和維生素B9(葉酸)" 維生素B6和葉酸,均是水溶性B族維生素。維生素B6為人體內某些輔酶的組成成分,其在體內主要以磷酸吡哆醛(pyridoxal-5'-phosphate, PLP)的形式參與許多酶系的代謝反應[22]。葉酸是碳單位轉移酶系的輔酶,和維生素B6均可參與氨基酸代謝。葉酸也作為輔酶參與核酸合成中嘌呤和嘧啶的形成,在細胞DNA合成中發揮作用。
5,10-亞甲基四氫葉酸還原酶(MTHFR)是葉酸代謝循環的中心酶,參與5-甲基四氫葉酸的生成,后者是葉酸的主要形式并在血液中循環,被運輸到周圍組織參與細胞代謝[23]。MTHFR的多態性可以通過降低酶活性來增加血同型半胱氨酸濃度,已經被認為與偏頭痛發作的嚴重程度和頻率有關[24]。MTHFR基因中存在一個突變,即C677T突變,可導致同型半胱氨酸水平升高。補充葉酸和維生素B6可以降低這種突變的影響,從而減輕偏頭痛癥狀和頻率,也可以降低同型半胱氨酸水平[25]。研究表明[26,27],葉酸聯合維生素B6可降低偏頭痛患者頭痛癥狀、嚴重程度和發作頻率。每天補充80 mg維生素B6,也可降低偏頭痛發作的嚴重程度和持續時間[28]。
可以發現,補充葉酸和維生素B6對偏頭痛有輔助治療的作用,但由于研究有限,證據尚不足。葉酸在臨床上多與維生素B12聯用,以促進葉酸的吸收和利用。多用于治療多種貧血性疾病和周圍神經病變。
1.3維生素B12(鈷胺素)" 維生素B12又稱鈷胺素,是一種水溶性維生素。維生素B12參與DNA合成,通過神經纖維髓鞘化和細胞分裂在維持中樞神經系統中起著至關重要的作用[29,30]。缺乏維生素會對神經系統產生不利影響。維生素B12缺乏常伴有非特異性的表現,如疲勞、貧血、易怒、虛弱和發育遲緩。還可能發生一些神經系統變化,如感覺異常、感覺缺陷、深腱反射喪失、運動障礙、張力減退、癲癇發作和癱瘓[31]。由于長期服用非甾體抗炎藥(NSAIDs),這種藥物會損害內在因子的產生,減少維生素B12的吸收,偏頭痛患者可能會有更高的維生素B12缺乏的風險[32]。
維生素B12的多種活性形式在蛋氨酸的生物合成中起作用。甲鈷胺是它的一種活性形式,是蛋氨酸合成酶的輔助因子[33]。NO與疼痛傳遞、痛覺過敏、慢性疼痛、中樞致敏有關[34]。維生素B12還以羥基鈷胺的活性形式存在,羥鈷胺素對NO具有清除自由基作用,可調節NO對血管和神經系統的影響[35]。
研究顯示[36],羥鈷胺素可減少成人偏頭痛患者的發作頻率,提高患者血清中維生素B12濃度,可使偏頭痛發病率下降[37]。此外,維生素B12缺乏被認為與抑郁癥和焦慮癥的存在有關[38]。基于先前的研究發現[39],偏頭痛與抑郁和焦慮障礙呈正相關,對偏頭痛患者的焦慮和抑郁癥狀進行治療可以改善其頭痛癥狀[40]。也有研究結果表明[41],維生素B12+鎂治療可以顯著降低CGRP濃度,從而抑制神經信息因子,減少偏頭痛發作。
動物實驗研究表明[42],不同形式的B類維生素(B1、B6和B12)在乙酸誘導的小鼠疼痛模型中具有鎮痛作用。多項研究表明[35,43],偏頭痛兒童的血清維生素B12和葉酸水平顯著低于健康兒童。偏頭痛患者補充B類維生素(B6、B9和B12)可降低偏頭痛發作的嚴重程度和頻率,以及偏頭痛致殘率[44]。有研究[45,46]得出相似的結果,且研究發現適當增加維生素使用劑量,可使控制效果更佳。
與內皮功能障礙有關的同型半胱氨酸可能參與偏頭痛的發生發展。有證據表明[47],同型半胱氨酸導致線粒體電子傳遞鏈復合物功能下降和ATP合成降低。此外,同型半胱氨酸是一種高反應性氨基酸,可誘導NO的釋放,產生內皮損傷。NO可以通過與復合物1、3和細胞色素氧化酶結合,降低O2水平,從而影響呼吸鏈反應[48]。同型半胱氨酸被代謝為蛋氨酸或半胱硫氨酸,同型半胱氨酸再甲基化為蛋氨酸依賴于葉酸和維生素B12,超硫化為半胱硫氨酸依賴維生素B6[34,49]。B族維生素是維持同型半胱氨酸穩態的關鍵輔酶。血清維生素B12、葉酸和B6水平降低與高同型半胱氨酸血癥相關。偏頭痛患者的同型半胱氨酸水平顯著升高。高同型半胱氨酸血癥通過多種機制引起偏頭痛[34],高同型半胱氨酸血癥使中樞神經系統興奮,可能導致活性氧(ROS)的釋放、內皮功能的紊亂、細胞損傷和血小板的激活,從而通過改變疼痛閾值和頭部疼痛敏感結構的敏化導致偏頭痛的發生[50]。足夠水平的維生素B6、B9,特別是維生素B12對于抑制高同型半胱氨酸血癥及其影響有重要作用[37]。
因此,維生素B12可用于預防和輔助治療偏頭痛。補充適量的維生素B類(B6、B9和B12)可以改善偏頭痛患者的臨床癥狀,提高患者的日常生活質量。
2偏頭痛的治療
偏頭痛治療指南建議預防偏頭痛的目的是降低其發生頻率、持續時間和嚴重程度,改善急性發作期間的藥物反應和療效,改善日常功能,減少殘疾[51]。目前,大約38%的偏頭痛患者需要預防治療,但只有3%~13%的患者接受治療[33]。目前偏頭痛的治療藥物包括緩解急性發作的藥物,如曲坦類藥物、麥角洐生物和非甾體抗炎藥(NSAID)以及預防性藥物:包括三環抗抑郁藥、血清素去甲腎上腺素再攝取抑制劑(SNRIs)、β受體阻滯劑、鈣通道阻滯劑和抗癲癇藥物[35]。抗偏頭痛藥物的副作用比如體重變化、低血壓、意識下降、嗜睡或疲勞等,會降低患者的依從性。
基于維生素B2不足和偏頭痛之間關系的證據,加拿大頭痛學會(CHS)指南建議符合條件的偏頭痛患者每天攝入400 mg的維生素B2[45]。根據美國神經病學學會(AAN)和美國頭痛學會(AHS)指南,維生素B2可能對成人偏頭痛的預防性治療有效(B級推薦),以及歐洲神經學會聯合會(EFNS)指南的C級推薦[52]。
有研究表明[53],有62%的患者對使用維生素治療效果感到滿意,并希望繼續補充維生素。即使營養療法臨床效果不太顯著(僅30%),一些偏頭痛患者為避免副作用,更愿意選擇營養療法。超過一半的患者在使用維生素治療之前曾嘗試過多達5種預防性藥物,但由于其副作用而存在療效不佳、耐受性差等問題,他們更傾向于使用可能不太有效但被認為是安全的補充藥物作為單藥治療[54]。
3總結
B族維生素與偏頭痛發生發展有關,可通過多種作用機制改善線粒體功能障礙、神經炎性反應。B族維生素水平、功能的降低可能通過多種機制在增加患者偏頭痛的風險方面發揮重要作用。偏頭痛往往是一種進行性疾病,可能會影響患者的一生,甚至擾亂其日常功能,正確的診斷和考慮使用副作用最低的最佳預防藥物治療偏頭痛可能會大大改善偏頭痛。雖然使用B族維生素在預防和治療偏頭痛方面仍需要更多的臨床試驗,但可以考慮作為一種預防和治療偏頭痛的藥物,可能存在一定益處。
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收稿日期:2023-05-30;修回日期:2023-07-21
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