英語教學中思維品質培養初探

王旦

摘 要英語學科具有獨到的培養學生思維品質的課程價值，英語不僅是學習的對象，也應該成為學生的思維工具。教師在教學中應遵循課程論的原理，明了學生思維品質的起點及培養方向、培養策略和評價手段，創造性地利用英語教學來提升學生的思維品質。

【關鍵詞】英語教學；思維品質；課程論

外語學科作為基礎教育的學科，它留給人們的印象往往是語言的聽說讀寫技能的培養，實際上從核心素養的角度來看，外語學科擔負的育人價值體現在語言能力、文化品格、思維品質和學習能力等四個方面，其中思維品質的培養尤其容易被英語教師所忽視——它往往被誤認為是數理老師的責任。而課標規定英語課程承擔著培養學生基本英語素養和發展學生思維能力的任務。要求教學要進一步促進思維能力的發展，為今后繼續學習英語和用英語學習其他相關科學文化知識奠定基礎。

認知心理學認為，思維品質體現在五個方面：深刻性、靈活性、獨創性、批判性和敏捷性。教師在教學中要深刻領會其含義，結合學情和教學內容，有針對性地實施相關策略。

1 深刻性

思維的深刻性是一切思維的基礎，它是指學生深入地思考問題，抓住事物的規律和本質，預見事物的發展進程。單詞是構成語言的最小單位，所以詞匯學習也是英語學習中的基礎內容。幫助學生理解單詞的構成是非常重要的，也是培養學生思維品質的重要手段。如在詞根學習時，Equal、equation、equator，這三個單詞的詞根是equ（具有相等的意思），-tion是名詞的后綴，這樣很容易記住equation是方程式和平衡的意思，而equator是赤道的意思，也可記住equality（n.同等，平等），equally（ad.平等的，相等的）等單詞。而利用前綴進行詞匯教學也能起到事半功倍的效果，使學生學會在閱讀中拓展詞匯，增強學習能力。如mid-是表示中部的意思，midday（正午），middleaged（中年的），midland（內陸），midnight（半夜），midsummer（仲夏），midway（中途的）……這些單詞學生很順利推測出，而我展示middleman和midwife時，學生猜什么的都有，當我揭曉謎底分別是經紀人和助產士的時候，學生不禁哄堂大笑，繼而又為英文單詞的傳神表達擊節贊嘆。

2 靈活性

在英語學習中，教師要善于給學生提供多樣性的學習材料，讓學生在練習中學會同類詞匯的學習方法，如美麗除了beautiful以外，我們還要教會他們其他描繪美麗的詞匯，有：graceful，elegant，gracious，exquisite，perfect，handsome，pretty，smart，lovely，grand，magnificent，splendid，glorious，spectacular……，以培養他們思維的靈活性。

在課文教學中，概念圖的應用也是培養學生思維靈活性的重要手段。通過引導學生構建課文概念圖，既幫助學生深刻領會課文含義，又有利于學生提取信息，復述課文，深化語言功能。像新概念課文“the loss of the Titanic”，學生在老師的引導下畫出了概念圖，如圖1所示。

此圖將兩段有機地連接成一個整體，使整個事件脈絡清晰，便于記憶。

3 獨創性

在英語教學中，思維的獨創性就是要培養學生創造性地運用語言來得體地表達自己的思想。我在實習階段組織過兩次學生辯論，辯題分別是：轉基因的利與弊；城市、鄉村的優與劣。我要求學生寫出正反兩方面的辯論稿，在正式辯論前，雙方隨機抽取正反方，以培養學生隨機應變的語言表達能力和思辨能力，學生的創新能力得到了極大的發揮。如某同學寫的辯論稿提綱：

The advantage of genetic engineering：

Genetic engineering has produced commercially valuable proteins， gene therapies ，and ，possibly， new and powerful vaccines.

Recent experiments have demonstrated the possibility of cloning differentiated mammalian tissue， opening the door for the first time to practical transgenic cloning of farm animals.

Transplanted stem cells may allow us to replace damaged or lost tissue， offering cures for many disorders that cannot now be treated. Current work focuses on tissue-specific stem cells， which do not present the ethical problems that embryonic stem cells do.

Genetic engineering affords great opportunities for progress in medicine and food production， although many are concerned about possible risks. On balance， the risks appear slight， and the potential benefits substantial.

The disadvantage of genetic engineering：

Every coin has tow sides. so does the GM foods. proper use may benefit to the human beings.

Eating genetically modified food is dangerous. GM crops are harmful to the environment .

The advantages afford by genetic engineering are revolutionizing our lives. But what are the disadvantages， the potential costs and dangers of genetic engineering？ Many people， including influential activists and members of the scientific community， have expressed concern that genetic engineers are "playing God" by tampering with genetic material. Could genetically engineered products administered to plants or animals turn out to be dangerous for consumers after several generations？ What kind of unforeseen impact on the ecosystem might "improved" crops have？ Is it ethical to created "genetically superior" organism， including humans？

在辯論鄉村、城市優缺點時的辯論文稿：

City：Living in a city can provide easy access to work， shopping and entertainment. Since cities contain large clusters of people in a relatively small area， there are more opportunities to meet people than in the suburbs. For a single person， this means that he or she could increase the chances of finding a spouse. People who are starting a business or looking for that one "big break" may have a better chance of making a valuable contact.

Cities also present more opportunities for people who enjoy cultural activities. Residents can also experience the unique cultures of the different ethnic groups and nationalities that often make up a large portion of a citys population.

Life is simple and boring in the countryside. In the city we can have more opportunities to have a satisfied job. Life there is more colorful and meaningful than that in the country. And there are more modern conveniences in cities for us to enjoy.

Countryside：First， the environment is better. You can find more animals and plants. The air is fresh. People always live in a healthy way there.

The living cost is much less than living in the city.

There are more space to relax yourself. You will see a large area of farmland which makes you feel comfortable. You dont have to push your way onto an overcrowded subway car only to find yourself squashed next to someone who smells or elbows you. You arent late because theres been a delay and some robot-like voice has to tell you about it over and over on the speaker. You can drive yourself where you want， when you want. Even if theres traffic （and there isnt much outside of cities）， you can usually find another way to go. And theres plenty of （free） parking.

There is too much noise and waste gas in the city. You can find environmental pollution everywhere in the city. Housing is often at a premium and is typically more expensive in the city. Instead of having a house with a yard and room for the kids to roam， residents may have to resort to living in a tiny apartment that is several stories high， making it inconvenient to transport items such as groceries.

培養學生思維的獨創性要引導學生學會遷移，進行新穎的組合分析，找出新異的層次和交接點。學生在分析城鄉優劣時，能夠辯證的分析就是一種獨創性的表現，教師要鼓勵學生的獨特和新穎的想法，獨特、新穎就是思維獨創性的體現。

4 批判性

在閱讀時人們會接收很多信息，如這個信息要討論什么問題，結論是什么？作者支持或否定此信息的理由是什么？在此信息中，哪些概念的含義是模糊的？信息的推理過程中，有無包含推理謬誤？有無重要的信息被省略？根據這些信息，我們能得出哪些結論等。如我出了如下題：1.what do you understand by the phrase “body language”？2.in pairs ，look at the drawing and try to match the body language with the feelings. please explain your reasons.

A. saying something important B. feeling attracted C. feeling defensive

D. feeling nervous E. feeling superior F. being honest G. lying H. thinking hard

對于思維批判性的培養，可以增加學生的英語閱讀和聽力訓練。像上題中，在討論結束后，我會及時提供一篇“let your body do the talking”短文，便于學生核對，既落實了閱讀，又培養了思維的批判性。

5 敏捷性

我們在做英語閱讀的時候，有時原文中用了一種說法，而在題目中用了另外一種表達，敏捷的思維可幫助我們快速判斷出意思一致的答案。要提高這種思維品質，培養閱讀、寫作和思考習慣是正道。在日常生活中我們都是用母語進行思考和交流的，但在英語學習中，能更快的理解和轉化英語，是我們一直追求的。要做到這點，必須對英語文化有所了解，在遇到某些典故時候，不至于一頭霧水。所以要有大量英語的聽力和閱讀的輸入以及良好的英語環境。英語思維的培養既要借鑒母語的學習，同時又要擺脫母語思維的禁錮。比如在翻譯中，要靈活運用兩種語言，有的不能完全直譯，意譯的意境有時會更美。在口語訓練時也不能忽視。教師可組織學生做快速的口語練習。比課堂上教授單詞或短語之后，給學生一定的思考時間后請他們自由造句。這就是英語思維敏捷性的鍛煉。教師也可組織學生定期進行英語辯論、英語舞臺劇表演等課外活動，既能豐富學生的學習生活，又能激起他們的英語學習熱情，還鍛煉了他們的英語思維敏捷性。

培養學生用英語思維是英語教學重要目標，在教學的同時優化思維品質也是教學任務之一，但思維品質的培養不是一日之功的，需要教師創造性的設計多樣化的教學活動。思維的五個品質是一個相互有機聯系的統一整體，在教學過程中，它們相互促進、共同發展。

作者單位

江南大學人文學院 江蘇省無錫市 214122