

【摘要】作為新高考題型改革的產物,讀后續寫為高中英語“讀”與“寫”的教學提供了方向指引,通過創新讀后續寫教學,進而有效提升學生應對新題型的備考能力,切實把學科核心素養培養落到實處。本文首先分析了Making Inferences這一解答讀后續寫題型策略,進一步通過實例探究Making Inferences的有效教學策略,旨在切實提升學生讀后續寫題型解答能力,有效提升學生的英語核心素養。
【關鍵詞】讀后續寫題型;推斷;思維品質;閱讀;信息差
【作者簡介】湯紅艷,福建省晉江市毓英中學。
【基金項目】本文系教育部福建師范大學基礎教育課程研究中心2020年開放課題“新高考讀后續寫題型‘讀思達教學研究”(編號:KCZ2020060)的研究成果。
一、問題提出的背景
讀后續寫是近幾年高考英語試卷中出現的新題型,這一題型有以下特點:題目給出350詞左右的文本(一般為記敘文),還給出首句未完成的兩個段落。題目要求考生先閱讀文本,根據文章內容及所給段落開頭語的線索和邏輯,合理展開想象,然后完成150詞左右的寫作,寫作內容應與閱讀文本在情節、人物角色性格、文本結構等方面銜接自然,邏輯合理。通過對這一題型的探究我們可以發現,學生在解答這個題型的過程是讀—思—達的過程,即在閱讀時提取要點,進行思維的延續,最后在這兩者的基礎上完成寫作(表達)。在教學中我們發現,有一部分教師對這個題型的教學與備考聚焦在文本的閱讀和寫作上,沒有在思上下功夫,忽略了讀寫的中間連接環節——思考。從教學效果看,這樣的教學導致的結果就是讀與寫分離。讀與寫一旦脫離,就容易出現以下問題:學生寫作無話可說,內容脫離文本本意,寫作邏輯混亂,續寫段落與前面的文本銜接不合理,甚至堆砌詞匯、離題等。因此,在讀后續寫中重視“思”的環節,構建讀與寫的橋梁是精準定位題型特點、對題型進行精準化教學與提升學生備考能力的關鍵,同時也是提升學生思維品質,落實核心素養的要求。
二、使用Making Inferences策略的意義
學生在閱讀文本后,對獲取的信息進行處理,思考寫作內容,補充讀與寫的信息差的方法很多,其中Making Inferences是讀后續寫過程中能夠清楚梳理閱讀文本故事的線索,合理鋪墊情節,提高寫作邏輯準確度的策略。
什么是Making Inferences?從inference的詞義看:Inference is drawing conclusions based on information that has been implied rather than directly stated and is an essential skill in reading comprehension. Marzano在On Excellence in Teaching(Marzano, R. J. 2010.)中認為:Inference is a “foundational skill” —— a prerequisite for higher-order thinking and 21st century skills.
由以上內容我們可以看出,教會學生進行推斷是提升他們思考能力的重要技能。此外,高層次的思維能力稱為高階思維,預測、分析、概括、推斷、評判、質疑等都是培養高階思維的方法。由此可見,教會學生Making Inferences策略在理論上和實踐上都具實際的意義。
三、讀后續寫課堂使用Making Inferences策略的具體做法
本文以“美國短篇小說之父”歐·亨利(O·Henry)著名的短篇小說《警察與贊美詩》(The Cop and the Anthem)為例,具體闡述如何在讀后續寫教學中使用Making Inferences策略。本文用作例子來闡述的這篇小說是原著改編版的英文小說,原文出自網站軒宇閱讀網,網址為https://www.xyyuedu.com/wgmz/ouhengliduanpianxiaoshuoji/300164.html?!毒炫c贊美詩》集中體現了歐·亨利作品的風格,人物角色性格分明,故事線索清楚,情節邏輯明晰。此外,小說情節一波三折,發展到高潮階段時立即停止,留下懸念,出乎意料卻合情合理,令讀者回味無窮。因此,這一文本可以作為良好的訓練讀后續寫的材料,具體的教學過程如下:
學生首先自主閱讀故事。完成文本閱讀并整體感知故事后,教師進行一個“Free talk:What do you know about the author, great novelist O·Henry?”。學生自由發言,說說他們自己對于歐·亨利小說特點的理解和了解。一般而言,學生或多或少都讀過歐·亨利的小說,因此他們基本上都能說出一些歐·亨利小說的特點。當然,如果學生對這方面的知識了解不多,教師也應當適當補充相關的知識。一定背景知識的介紹有助于學生對結尾情節進行合理推斷,同時也拓展學生的知識面提升學生的思維品質與文化意識。
接著,教師使用Making Inferences策略引導學生從文本中找出線索,根據人物的性格特點和所閱讀文本中的情節對后文發生的情節進行合理推斷和預測。
T guides the Ss to analyze the information from the text and answer this question:
Inference 1: What might Soapy feel when he knew he would be on the Island for three months ?
Clue 1:Three months on the Island was what his soul desired. Three months of assured board and bed and good company, safe from north winds and policemen, seemed to Soapy the most desirable thing.(para 4)
Clue 2: He went towards Madison Square, for the home instinct remains even when the home is a park bench.(para 32)
Clue 3: And the anthem that the organist played cemented Soapy to the iron fence, for he had known it well in the days when his life contained such things as mothers and roses and ambitions and friends.(para 34)
Clue 4:The influence of the music and the old church produced a sudden and wonderful change in Soapy's soul. He saw with horror the pit into which he had fallen. He thought of his degraded days, dead hopes and wrecked faculties.(para 35)
Clue 5: And also in a moment a strong impulse moved him to battle with his desperate fate. He would pull himself out of this pit; he would make a man of himself again. There was time; he was young yet. Those sweet organ notes had set up a revolution in him. Tomorrow he would be somebody in the world. He would -(para 36)
在這一步驟中,教師引導學生根據小說的背景知識和文中的線索進行深度思考,作出推論,推斷Soapy 在聽到宣判入獄三個月時的感受。在引導學生進行推論的時候,教師還要注意以不斷追問來進行質疑,例如:Do you need to change your thinking? 這樣學生在分析線索,不斷進行推理思考中,逐漸明晰情節的發展與文章的主要線索邏輯,對所需要的問題進行推斷。學生在Making inferences活動的引領下,就能順暢說出sad、regretful、ashamed等詞匯,為后面的寫作做了很好的鋪墊。
教師在幫助學生了解實施Making inferences策略的基本步驟之后,將Making inferences 策略交給學生去實踐和使用,教師提供worksheet(見表1),學生分組閱讀與同伴分享自主進行making inferences。
Inference 2: What might Soapy think when he was in prison?
Inference 3: What might Soapy do in the three months during which he was in prison?
Inference 4: What might Soapy do after three months when he was free from prison?
Inference 5: What does the writer want to reveal through the novel?
最后,教師讓學生基于自己的思考和作出的推論進行后面步驟的續寫。為避免因學生個體差異而造成的信息差,教師按照目前讀后續寫的考試模式,給續寫的兩個段落提供首句。段1:Soapy burst into tears when he knew he would be on the Island for three months. 段2:Three months later, Soapy was set free from the prison. 在前面階段文本中所獲得的信息、Making inferences階段所做的推論及兩個段落的首句的鋪墊下,學生完成文本續寫任務可以說是水到渠成。
學生佳作:
Soapy burst into tears when he knew he would be on the Island for three months.He tried every means to be caught by the cop, but in vain. However, when he decided to clean up his life, he realized his desire. How sad was he when he finally was in prison!During the three months, he reflected his life. Although the prison provided him with a shelter in the cold winter, he was very regretful, even ashamed for what he had done. If he had done differently, life would be much better. But he said to himself:three months wasnt long, and there was time, for he was still young.
Three months later, Soapy was set free from the prison. The instant Soapy came out of the prison, he made a determination that he would never be in prison again. He made a fresh start and worked hard as a driver in a company. Again, it was a cold winter. Soapys bed was no longer the bench in Madison Square, because he supported his life by his hands. In his spare time, he came to the church and those sweet organ notes still refreshed him. Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind on it.
由學生的習作可以看出,推斷建立在對文本深層次的理解上,學生通過策略的使用對文本的主題、線索、邏輯、情節的發展進行了深入思考。因此,在續寫時,他們緊扣Making inferences的五個問題,把握文章主要線索,對主人公所想、所做、所為進行發散思維。由寫作成果可以看出,他們擺脫了寫作內容上無話可說的困境,所寫的內容無論在邏輯上還是在情節上與原文本銜接都比較自然。
在讀后續寫題型教學實踐中,組織學生進行一段時間的Making inferences策略的訓練后,學生逐步掌握了寫作前的思考流程,每次考試他們能夠在文章線索下面畫線,然后用Making inferences進行思考。久而久之,他們的總結與推論能力得到了提高,寫作水平也得到了提高。因此,教師在應對高考新題型的過程中,積極探索讀后續寫題型的有效教學方法,重視讀寫的中間思考環節,把深入思考的重要策略交給學生去實踐,在提升學生應對新題型的備考能力的同時,真正把核心素養落到實處。
參考文獻:
[1]Marzano R J. Developing Expert Teachers. In R. J. Marzano (Ed.), On Excellence in Teaching[M]. (10th ed.). Bloomington, IN: Solution Tree Press, 2010.
[2]Making Inferences and Drawing Conclusions. 6 Nov. 2003. Cuesta College[OL]. https://www.thoughtco.com/making-inferences- 3111201.