





摘要:目的" 探討高頻超聲對強直性脊柱炎(AS)不同部位亞臨床附著點炎早期診斷的價值。方法 選取2017年1月~2023年11月甘肅省人民醫院就診的AS患者100例 ,依據2022年全球首個附著點炎篩查與評估臨床實踐指南進行分組:臨床附著點炎患者50例(分為有主觀癥狀和無主觀癥狀但有壓痛2組);亞臨床附著點炎患者50例(無主觀癥狀也無壓痛,需借助MRI或超聲識別確診)及50例健康志愿者,分別對其近端足底筋膜、遠端跟腱、遠端髕韌帶、近端髕韌帶、遠端股四頭肌腱和肱三頭肌腱附著點行高頻超聲檢查,根據不同部位附著點的厚度、結構、鈣化、骨侵蝕、滑囊的厚度及能量多普勒信號,分析超聲檢查的特異性、敏感度和準確性。結果 受檢AS患者超聲檢查其中有主觀癥狀異常附著點(陽性率為54%),以股四頭肌腱附著點為著;無主觀癥狀但有壓痛異常附著點(陽性率為46%),以足底筋膜附著點為著;亞臨床附著點炎AS患者異常附著點(陽性率為61%),以跟腱附著點為著。高頻超聲不同亞臨床附著點超聲檢查病變情況顯示,與臨床檢查相較,AS患者亞臨床附著點炎的檢出率更高(Plt;0.05);與正常對照組比較,高頻超聲對亞臨床附著點檢出率更高,陽性表現以肌腱增厚和滑囊增厚最為常見(Plt;0.05)。與臨床檢查比較,高頻超聲在AS不同部位亞臨床附著點早期診斷中,特異性、敏感度、準確性均較高。結論 相較于單一的臨床檢查,高頻超聲在AS患者不同部位亞臨床附著點早期診斷中,可有效提高檢出率,提升診斷價值,彌補了臨床檢查一直以來對亞臨床附著點炎的低估性。
關鍵詞:高頻超聲;強直性脊柱炎;附著點炎;亞臨床
Value of high?frequency ultrasound in screening for subclinical attachment point inflammation of ankylosing spondylitis
LI Ling1, SHEN Yinghao1, YANG Jie2, MA Wenjuan2, ZHANG Xuelan2
1The First Clinical Medical College of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; 2Department of Ultrasound, Gansu Provincial People's Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate the value of high-frequency ultrasound for the early diagnosis of subclinical adhesion pointitis in different parts of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Methods" A total of 100 patients with AS attending Gansu Provincial People's Hospital from January 2017 to November 2023 were selected. Fifty patients with clinical adhesion pachydermatitis (divided into 2 groups of patients with subjective symptoms and those with no subjective symptoms but with tenderness), 50 patients with subclinical adhesion pachydermatitis (with no subjective symptoms and tenderness, and need to be diagnosed with the help of MRI or ultrasound) and 50 healthy volunteers were grouped according to the world's first clinical practice guideline on screening and assessment of adhesion pachydermatitis in 2022. High-frequency ultrasonography was performed on the proximal plantar fascia, distal Achilles tendon, distal patellar ligament, proximal patellar ligament, distal quadriceps tendon, and triceps tendon attachment points, and the specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of ultrasonography were analyzed according to the thickness, structure, calcification, bone erosion, bursal thickness, and energy Doppler signals of the attachment points at different sites. Results Ultrasonography of the examined AS patients included abnormal attachment points with subjective symptoms (positive rate of 54%), mainly quadriceps tendon attachment points; abnormal attachment points without subjective symptoms but with pressure pain (positive rate of 46%), mainly plantar fascia attachment points; abnormal attachment points of the AS patients with subclinical attachment point inflammation (positive rate of 61%), mainly Achilles tendon attachment points. High-frequency ultrasound ultrasonography of different subclinical attachment point lesions had a higher detection rate of subclinical attachment point inflammation in AS patients compared with clinical examination (Plt;0.05). Compared with normal controls, high-frequency ultrasound had a high detection rate of subclinical attachment points, with tendon thickening and bursa thickening being the most common positive manifestations (Plt;0.05). Compared with clinical examination, high-frequency ultrasound had higher specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy in the early diagnosis of subclinical attachment points in different parts of AS. Conclusion Compared with unitary clinical examination, high-frequency ultrasound can effectively improve the detection rate and diagnostic value in the early diagnosis of subclinical attachment points in different parts of AS patients, making up for the underestimation of subclinical attachment point inflammation that clinical examination has always been.
Keywords: high-frequency ultrasound; ankylosing spondylitis; attachment point inflammation; subclinical
收稿日期:2023-10-27
基金項目:甘肅省人民醫院院內科研基金項目(23GSSYD-2)
作者簡介:李" 玲,在讀碩士研究生,E-mail: 1306084943@qq.com
通信作者:楊" 潔,教授,碩士生導師,E-mail: yangjie997@163.com
強直性脊柱炎(AS)是一種以中軸關節、外周關節的慢性炎癥為主要表現的系統性、慢性、自身免疫性疾病[1]。患者多為中青年男性,病變主要累及中軸關節及下肢關節,其基本病理改變為附著點炎,及時客觀地對AS附著點炎進行早期診斷,對臨床治療方案的選擇具有重要指導意義。臨床檢查是評價AS患者附著點炎最常用的方法,常用評分方法有 Mander附著點炎指數、馬德里超聲附著點炎指數(MASEI)、Maastricht 強直性脊柱炎評分、Leeds附著點炎指數、加拿大脊柱關節炎研究聯盟附著點炎指數、Berlin指數和Gladman指數。在這些評分方法中,MASEI被認為是最方便的,因此在臨床實踐和臨床試驗中應用最廣泛[2-5],但與其他影像學檢查相比,臨床檢查的敏感度相對較低,約為20%[6]。AS患者可通過超聲或MRI等影像學方法發現附著點炎,但在臨床檢查中未發現壓痛[7-8]。另一方面,附著點壓痛并不能證實其存在肌腱附著點炎,因為疼痛可歸因于滑膜炎、關節炎或鄰近結構的其他病理情況。臨床檢查只能作為發現肌腱附著點炎的線索,而不是確定肌腱附著點炎的證據[9]。臨床檢查完成后,仍建議采用US或MRI作為后續檢查方式。
由于US方便價廉、無輻射等優點,近年來已成為評估附著點炎的一線方法[10-11]。與臨床檢查和X線、MR檢查相比,US檢查對附著點炎的檢測具有更高的敏感度,能夠同時發現炎性病變和結構性病變。現有多種評分或分級系統用來評估附著點炎,其中MASEI對足底筋膜近端、跟腱遠端、髕韌帶遠端和近端、股四頭肌遠端和肱三頭肌肌腱進行灰階超聲和能量多普勒超聲評分[12]。因其具有能量多普勒超聲評估的優勢以及包括上肢附著點,被認為可能更勝一籌。目前,利用MASEI評分系統對亞臨床附著點炎[13]的研究較少,數量上相對有限,且研究方向相對局限,目前開發的許多評分或分級系統,旨在評估具有臨床癥狀的附著點炎,附著點炎不同評分或分級系統的研究表明,不同系統之間的敏感度和特異性不同[14-15],MASEI評分系統可用于更廣泛的AS患者群體,MASEI評分在臨床試驗和日常醫療實踐中均是可靠的工具,超聲檢查作為其補充診斷的另一種可靠工具,來提高對亞臨床附著點炎的診斷敏感性和特異性,結合MASEI評分在亞臨床附著點炎中的早期診斷,以及對于下肢附著點的納入,MASEI可能更優。本研究不是簡單地重復已有研究,而是旨在填補現有研究中對亞臨床附著點評估的空白,具有新穎性及補充性,旨在利用高頻超聲對AS患者臨床容易低估和忽視的亞臨床附著點炎進行MASEI評分評估,為亞臨床附著點炎的早期診斷評估方法提供參考價值,為臨床早期采取干預提供客觀依據。
1" 資料與方法
1.1" 一般資料
選取2017年1月~2023年11 月于甘肅省人民醫院就診的AS患者100例,其中男性72例,女性28例,年齡20~55(33.22±5.23)歲;另選取50例健康志愿者。納入標準:采用1984 年國際強直性脊柱炎評價工作組紐約標準及2010年SPA外周分類標準[16];研究對象均接受超聲檢查,且超聲檢查資料完整完備;3月內未進行糖皮質激素或其他生物制劑治療。排除標準:有關節外傷史;有四肢外傷史;有其他嚴重風濕疾病導致關節病變。本研究經甘肅省人民醫院倫理委員會審批(審批號:2023-273)。
1.2" 方法
1.2.1" 超聲檢查" 選用GEs8超聲檢查儀(ML6-15探頭頻率為6~15 MHz)及Siemens healthineers 超聲檢查儀(18L6 探頭頻率為6~18 MHz)。對所有受檢者行高頻超聲檢查,檢查時根據不同檢查部位選取不同的探查體位,所有附著點在肌腱處于松弛狀態下,減輕探頭壓力的條件下探測多普勒血流信號。超聲檢查者均具有10年以上肌骨超聲經驗。
1.2.2" 評分標準" 根據MASEI附著點炎超聲評估方法[17]:低回聲:校正各異性后,附著點處(距骨皮質lt;2 mm)均勻的纖維信號缺失,且周圍緊密包繞的回聲線消失。附著點處增厚:與肌腱體相比,嵌入骨骼處的肌腱增厚(距骨皮質lt;2 mm),伴或不伴肌腱邊緣模糊。骨侵蝕:在附著點嵌入處可在兩個垂直平面上觀察到骨皮質中斷并出現逐漸模糊的邊緣輪廓缺損。鈣化:在附著點處(距骨皮質lt;2 mm)檢測到高回聲灶伴或不伴聲影。骨贅:在兩個垂直平面上觀察到附著點骨端邊緣逐漸增厚的骨性隆起。附著點嵌入處多普勒信號:嵌入骨骼處觀察到多普勒信號(距骨皮質lt;2 mm),與反射界面偽影或營養血管信號不同,伴或不伴骨皮質不規則、侵蝕或骨贅。
1.3" 統計學分析
采用SPSS27.0軟件進行統計分析。對所有計量資料進行正態性和方差齊性檢驗,符合正態分布的計量資料以均數±標準差表示,組間比較采用獨立樣本t檢驗;計數資料以n(%)表示,采用卡方檢驗進行組間分析,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,以Plt;0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2" 結果
2.1" AS患者不同部位亞臨床附著點炎超聲評估
受檢的100例AS患者共1200個附著點,超聲檢查50例有臨床癥狀附著點炎患者共600個附著點,有主觀癥狀附著點324個(54%),無主觀癥狀但有壓痛組附著點276個(46%);50例亞臨床癥狀患者共600個附著點,異常附著點個366(61%)。不同亞臨床附著點超聲檢查病變情況差異有統計學意義。檢查不同亞臨床附著點,各異常聲像圖陽性表現:肌腱附著端異常低回聲(5.8%),附著點處肌腱增厚(11.7%),骨侵蝕(8.1%),鈣化(8.3%),多發骨贅(7.5%),滑囊增厚(13.7%),附著點嵌入處多普勒信號(5.8%)。病變聲像圖中尤以附著點處肌腱增厚和滑囊增厚為著(表1、圖1~3)。
2.2" "臨床附著點炎組與亞臨床附著點炎組超聲檢查結果比較
有主觀癥狀組內尤以股四頭肌腱附著點炎檢出率最高;有主觀癥狀組與無主觀癥狀但有壓痛組相比較,無主觀癥狀但有壓痛組以足底筋膜附著點炎檢出率最高,超聲更能全面的檢出已產生炎性或結構性病變的附著點炎;亞臨床附著點炎組與無主觀癥狀但有壓痛組相比較,以跟腱附著點炎為著(表2)。
2.3" AS患者臨床附著點炎組與正常對照組超聲評估比較
亞臨床附著點炎組各附著點的異常附著點數均明顯高于正常對照組(表3)。
3" 討論
附著點是肌腱和韌帶嵌入骨表面的部位,是人體運動的關節結構。附著點炎是附著點處發生炎癥,是脊柱關節炎的特征性損傷,是AS和相關病癥的特征性表現。在原發性 AS中,外周附著點炎的發生率為25%~58%[18] ,有附著點炎的AS患者,疾病活動度更高,患者結局的報告更差[19-20]。附著點炎的管理對改善AS的整體疾病活動度至關重要。但是,實際臨床中附著點炎的存在常被低估[21],主要是因為檢查方法的缺失,主要依賴于患者主訴和醫生經驗。既往國內外缺乏專門篩查和評估附著點炎的指南,僅提到可以針對附著點炎進行超聲、MRI等檢查,但是并未對具體篩查和評估方法做詳細解釋,也未對各方法之間的優劣勢做明確介紹。2022年全球首個附著點炎指南發布[3],指南針對患者的臨床檢查、超聲檢查、MRI和X線等具體檢查方法和評估手段進行了詳細描述,并介紹了各方法和手段之間的優劣勢。高分辨率MRI可幫助臨床醫生鑒別附著點炎與其他造成局部疼痛的疾病[22],但MRI存在較多局限性,如花費高、可及性較差,傳統MRI序列只可顯示特定部位的附著點[23],而高頻超聲因其敏感度高、可重復強等優點,指南強烈推薦灰階超聲和能量多普勒超聲用于評估附著點炎。
本研究在綜合考慮成本、可行性和證據強度的情況下,使用指南推薦的MASEI指數進行量化評分,對AS患者常見附著點炎部位(跖腱膜近端、跟腱遠端、髕韌帶遠端和近端、股四頭肌遠端、肱三頭肌肌腱等)進行超聲評估,更準確的反應炎癥程度。既往有文獻報道高頻超聲早期篩查亞臨床銀屑病關節炎的臨床價值[24-25],但鮮有文獻報道高頻超聲對AS患者不同部位附著點的厚度、結構、鈣化、骨侵蝕、滑囊的厚度及能量多普勒信號等特征的分析及檢查效能評估。本研究發現附著點炎不同超聲表現的發生率低于部分Meta 分析結果[3],這可能與本研究病例的樣本量相對較少或與患者的發病年限有關,后續仍需大樣本量研究及發病年限的差異性對比。有研究表明,高度血管化的附著點更易產生疼痛,臨床體格檢查易查出,而聲像圖顯示AS患者附著點插入處存在異常血管形成解釋了這一表現[12]。并且高度血管化[26]僅存在于AS患者中,健康對照組中未有此發現,這些特征表現與臨床特征分析具有一致性[27-28]。
本研究采用的MASEI評分法重點納入下肢附著點,而對伸肌總腱、屈肌總腱和股骨大轉子等附著點尚未納入,可能存在上肢附著點炎評估的缺失,后續仍需對多種評分系統進行對比分析,以期尋找更全面準確的評分方式。
綜上所述,利用高頻超聲對AS患者亞臨床附著點炎進行MASEI評分評估,是附著點炎量化評估的可靠可行的診斷方式,彌補了臨床檢查一直以來對亞臨床附著點炎的低估性,雖然附著點炎半定量評分目前還不足以成為診斷AS的依據, 且本研究尚未對多個超聲評分系統進行對比分析,但預期通過長期隨訪驗證后可以對AS的早期診斷提供重要價值。
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(編輯:林" 萍)