“雙新”背景下以語篇銜接理論為指導的上海高考英語閱讀理解“六選四”

摘 要：本文嘗試以韓禮德和哈桑共同提出的語篇銜接理論分析高考英語（上海卷）閱讀理解“六選四”試題的銜接特征。筆者認為，上海高考英語的“六選四”試題本質上就是對學生語法銜接能力和詞匯銜接進行考查。本文以近年來上海市各區高考英語模擬試卷的“六選四”試題為語料，從中選取典型的試題并以此為例說明該題型對每種銜接手段的考查方法。為了更好地提高“六選四”閱讀教學和習題講評的效果和效率，筆者在文末提出了具體的教學建議，以貫徹“雙新”背景下高中英語新課標的具體要求，將核心素養落實在課堂。

關鍵詞：語篇銜接理論；雙新；核心素養；上海高考英語；六選四

作者簡介：張瀟，男，上海市格致中學，英語教師，碩士。

一、引言

（一）上海高考英語“六選四”題型簡介

閱讀理解“六選四”也稱為“選句填空”。自2017年上海高考英語采用“一年兩考”新題型以來，“六選四”就成為筆試試卷閱讀理解板塊中的重要組成部分，位于試卷的第三部分Reading Comprehension中的Section C板塊。該題型旨在考查學生對語篇整體內容和各段大意的理解，以及他們對句與句之間、段與段之間邏輯關聯的把握，要求考生根據語篇內容、結構和上下文邏輯關系，從六個所給的句子中選擇正確的句子填入相應的四個空格，每個選項只能用一次。其中，六個選項中有兩個為干擾項，每個空格兩分，滿分為八分。該題型的語篇均選自英美原版讀物，內容相當豐富，不僅涉及天文史地，還包括社會民俗、政治經濟、科普文教等方面。高考英語上海卷“六選四”題型選用的文章體裁以說明文和議論文為主。

在實際教學中，筆者發現，“六選四”部分對眾多學生來說難度較大，得分率較低，學生迫切需要科學有效的閱讀方法和解題策略來提高該部分的成績。廣大英語教師也反映“六選四”講評難度較大，需要相關理論指導教學，以提升“六選四”試題的講評效果。本文嘗試以韓禮德（Halliday）和哈桑（Hasan）共同提出的語篇銜接理論分析“六選四”試題所考查的銜接特征，這是當今“雙新”背景下高中英語新課標的具體要求：

《普通高中英語課程標準（2017年版2020年修訂）》明確規定了英語課程內容的六個要素：主題語境、語篇類型、語言知識、文化知識、語言技能和學習策略。其中的“語言知識”包括語音、詞匯、語法、語篇和語用知識五個基本的方面。在“語篇知識”方面，新課標明確要求學生掌握語篇中的顯性銜接和連貫手段，如：通過使用代詞、連接詞、省略句、替代來實現指代、連接、省略、替代等銜接關系。因此，教師用語篇銜接理論指導“六選四”閱讀理解教學，幫助學生熟練掌握各種銜接手段，能夠真正在實際英語教學中落實新課標“語篇知識”的內容要求。

（二）語篇銜接理論在閱讀理解“六選四”中的運用

1962年，韓禮德首次提出“銜接”的概念，他指出，銜接指的是語篇內部中不同成分之間在語義上體現出的聯系。這種聯系可以出現在同一個句子里的不同成分之間，也可出現在相鄰兩個句子之間，甚至相距較遠的兩個部分之間也會產生聯系。語篇正是通過這種銜接關系，體現出整體性和連貫性。1976年，韓禮德和哈桑聯合出版《英語的銜接》（Cohesion in English）一書。在該書中，他們明確將語篇銜接分為語法銜接和詞匯銜接兩大類，見表1：

語法銜接主要包括指稱、替代、省略和連接手段，在語篇中起到連句成篇的作用。詞匯銜接主要包括復現關系和同現關系，通過詞匯的選擇來取得語篇想要達到的效果，有助于讀者通過表層結構理解文章的深層意思。在日常教學中，通過分析上海市大量的高考英語模擬試卷，筆者發現，上海高考英語的“六選四”試題本質上就是對語篇 “語法銜接”中的“指稱”和“連接”手段，以及“詞匯銜接”中的“復現關系”的考查。具體地說，是對學生是否掌握“代詞”“副詞”和“連詞”的語法銜接手段和“原詞復現”“同義復現”及“上下義復現”的詞匯銜接手段的考查。

因自2017年以來上海市不公布高考真題，下文以近幾年上海市各區高考英語模擬試卷的“六選四”試題為語料（試卷均由各區教研員和特級教師命制，具有較強的信度、效度、區分度和較高的研究參考價值），從中選取典型的試題，以此為例說明該題型對每種銜接手段的考查方法。

二、“六選四”中的語法銜接：指稱和連接

（一）指稱

“六選四”對語法銜接“指稱”的考查主要集中在“人稱指稱”和“指示指稱”兩個重要方面。在語篇中，“人稱指稱”一般通過人稱代詞和物主代詞實現，而“指示指稱”則通過指示代詞實現。命題者一般會在六個選項中以及空格相鄰的文本中保留這幾種詞性，以作為學生的解題線索。

1.人稱指稱。

（1）選項里的人稱代詞和物主代詞。

A. She says this may be because shame still surrounds those who seek help from mental-health professionals.

B. A mental-health law， passed in 2012， advised against the previously common practice of confining people in psychiatric wards against their will.

C. Its members provide psychological support for nearly 30 people who lost loved ones to the virus.

D. She worries many people won't seek help though losing loved ones causes lasting mental pain.

E. Their efforts have enjoyed backing from the government， which has issued many instructions to guide the mental-health response to the disease.

F. These days many Chinese recognize that mental-health problems are common.

Late in January Shen Yinjing， a therapist in Shanghai， volunteered to help distressed people in the coronavirus-stricken city of Wuhan by offering counselling over the phone or by text. Before long she was running an online support group for people being treated in one of Wuhan's makeshift hospitals tor Covid-19 patients. Now Ms. Shen wonders how she should assist those losing their beloved ones because of the disease." " " （67）" " " .

Ms Shen is among a small army of mental-health professionals who have provided support during the coron-avirus outbreak. Hundreds of universities and charities have set up “psychological hotlines” for people suffering from depression." " " （68）" " " .

（選自2021年上海市浦東新區一模試卷）

通過將各個選項逐一代入，D項的主語人稱代詞“she”指代的就是67題空格前面的Ms. Shen，且該選項說明了她志在為在疫情中那些失去親人的人提供幫助的原因，所以67題的正確答案為D選項。同理，在含有物主代詞“their”的F選項中，“their efforts”指代的是68題空格前一句提到的成百上千所大學和慈善機構所做的努力，所以68題的正確答案為E選項。

（2）空格相鄰文本中出現的人稱代詞和物主代詞。

A. In fact， it didn't imitate anything at all.

B. This simple puzzle game， now more than thirty years old， continues to dominate best-of lists.

C. The gaming giant Electronic Arts once sold more than 500 million copies of its version for the iPhone and other smartphones.

D. Thanks to the unique pathway it uses， the game shows real promise in medical treatments.

E. The way Tetris affects the brain is so strong that it's literally named the Tetris Effect.

F. Tetris has entered popular and artistic culture.

There are plenty of fascinating classic games. Why do we keep coming back to Tetris year after year？ Scientists have discovered that Tetris has a unique effect on the human brain， making it the perfect tool for scientific research." " "（70）" " "It is a term used in both medical and popular literature. It describes the result of repetitive， pattern-based activity that eventually shapes the thoughts and imagination of an individual. This unique effect has been used in studies at Oxford University to treat stress disorder.

（選自2021年上海市嘉定區一模試卷）

此題的突破口在于空格后面的人稱代詞“it”，我們從后文得知，它是一個術語（term）。通過聯系各個選項，我們可以發現，這里的“it”指代的是選項E中的“the Tetris Effect”，且符合下一句“術語”的條件，并與段落末句中的“this unique effect”呼應，所以70題的正確答案為E項。

A. Last.fm allows users to listen to music for free， as well as buy tracks.

B. The website Last.fm is a convenient and useful resource for music lovers.

C. There are plenty of websites that allow music lovers to stay in touch with the news relating to their hobby.

D. If you want to use Last.fm for communication， you might find that traditional social networks are more suitable for this purpose

E. This website is of great benefit for music enthusiasts.

F. This technology is convenient and definitely helpful for music lovers.

The availability of multiple functions also speaks in favor of Last.fm. One of its significant advantages over many other musical websites is the function of scrobbling （歌曲記錄）， which means tracking down the music one had been listening to." " "（69）" " . With its aid， Last.fm searches for people with similar musical preferences and shows one a list of those whose interests match to some extent.

（選自2021年上海市寶山區一模試卷）

同樣，通過聯系各個選項，我們可以得出，在69題空格后的“its aid”指代的是選項F中“this technology”所提供的幫助，且這種技術對應的就是上文中提到的歌曲記錄功能。結合這兩條重要線索，我們可以得出，69題的正確答案為F項。

2.指示指稱。

（1）選項里的指示代詞。

A. However， mothers and fathers shouldn't force their kids to go outside or use it as a type of punishment.

B. In turn， this aids in the development of confidence and overall good health.

C. Recent studies focus not so much on what is lost when nature experience fades， but on what is gained through more exposure to natural settings

D. He acknowledges that NDD is mostly a metaphor for a lifestyle lacking in contact with nature.

E. Schools that use outdoor classrooms and other forms of experiential education produce significant student gains in science， language and math.

F. Experts believe that problems such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder （注意力缺乏多動癥） can be relieved through contact with nature.

He added that children learn many important and practical skills while interacting with nature， like risk-taking， independence， and decision-making." " " "（70）" " " .

（選自2019年上海市楊浦區二模試卷）

通過逐一帶入，我們可以得出，選項B中的指示代詞“this”指代的是70空前面提到的“孩子在和大自然的互動中學到很多重要且適用的技能”這一事實，所以70題的正確選項是B項。

（2）空格相鄰文本中出現的指示代詞。

A. Besides， you might have noticed how unwilling you may be when having to apologize in front of a different person–even if it was you who were wrong.

B. This varies depending on the weight of a decision that needs to be made.

C. Unlike many people got used to believing， procrastination is not a negative feature of character such as laziness.

D. Usually， people tend to see procrastination as something bad.

E. In fact， procrastinating in this case is also beneficial.

F. A pressing matter， an urgent document that needs to be written by the end of the day， an especially difficult piece of work， whatever.

Surprisingly enough， procrastination can even help you fix a relationship with another person. If you had a fight， for example， there is a period of time when whatever you say to each other will most likely be perceived with skepticism or even hostility." " "（69）" " . In this case， procrastination may give you enough time to make up your mind， find your courage， and think of the proper words or actions for an apology. The same works for another person： after a cool down period， he or she will be more susceptible to what you have to say. Use this to your advantage.

（選自2022年上海市寶山區一模試卷）

空格后面含有指示代詞“this case”，由此我們可以提前預判到69前面的空格應該填一個具體的案例，只要判斷出這是個具體的什么樣的案例，便可得出答案。聯系各個選項，我們可以得出，A項中“不愿意向別人道歉”的事實就是后文“this case”所指的這個案例，且和下文的“apology”呼應，所以69題的正確答案為A項。

（二）連接

上海高考英語“六選四”會對語法銜接的四種“連接”關系增補、轉折、因果和時間進行考查，在文本中主要通過連詞和副詞實現。命題者一般會在六個選項中以及與空格相鄰的文本中保留連詞和副詞，以作為學生的解題線索。

（1）選項里的連詞和副詞。

A. So we try to push back the tide and keep up by multi-tasking.

B. No wonder people say they're too busy to see friends， exercise or sleep.

C. Would it surprise you to hear that we have more leisure time today than ever？

D. How can we learn to spend time in a way that's more likely to lead to happiness and success？

E. It's something that economist have been puzzling over and they've identified several reasons.

F. Then you will have fewer empty experiences and far ore that are worthy of your precious time.

A second factor is the comparison we make between what we can do and what others are doing， making us anxious." " "（68）" " "This fools us into thinking we're being more productive with our work time， so we try to do it with our leisure time， too. When we're playing with out kids， we check Facebook. When we're hanging out with one group of friends， we post pictures to show another. This is something sociologists call 'polluted time'.

（選自2020年上海市長寧區一模試卷）

通過將選項逐一代入68空格，我們發現，A項和前句共享同一個主語we，且是明顯的因果關系。前句講述我們一直和別人作比較，讓自己變得很焦慮，因此，我們就通過“multi-tasking”讓自己擺脫這種潮流。A項的連詞“so”是因果關系的標記詞，提示前句原因導致的結果。另外，這里的“潮流”指的是前句和別人的比較，且下文給的例子——邊和孩子玩邊看臉書，邊和朋友玩邊發布照片給別的朋友看，就是“multitasking”。綜上所述，A項和前后句關聯性十分緊密，所以68題的正確選項是A項。

A. Several studies show that people often think of paper materials as more important and serious.

B. A less focused mind on books may find its way to focus on screen.

C. In other words， paper reading was found to be more efficient.

D. Reader preference is also important， she said.

E. That is to say， paper and screen reading have no effect on one's getting information.

F. The word “cognition” means the mental action of increasing knowledge and understanding.

There are many possible reasons for such findings. Overconfidence of screen readers， for example， could be the result of a distracted， less focused mind." " "（69）" " Research shows the majority of people-of all ages-prefer reading from paper. But， if someone prefers screen reading to paper reading， that person's understanding of the material is not likely to suffer.

（選自2021年上海市徐匯區一模試卷）

通過將各選項代入69空格，我們可以得出，D項中表示遞進關系的副詞“also”表明此句的“preference”和前句的“overconfidence”是平行關系，共同說明之前研究的原因，且這里的preference和下文的prefer呼應。綜上可知，69題的正確選項是D項。

A. It made me realize how ignorant I was.

B. Though she loved her 86-year-old grandmother， she had found it hard to visit her.

C. Both Karoline and Nick found making the program life-changing.

D. Afterward， both of them described the “invisibility” of being old.

E. Then they had to live each day， for a month， as an old person.

F. Nick was also nearly robbed when he was taking money out of an ATM.

It took five hours every morning to make Karoline and Nick look like elderly people in their seventies. They were given a synthetic wrinkled skin， 1 teeth， and 1 hair. They also wore body suits to make them look fatter and contact lenses to make their eyes look older. The discomfort of the makeup， the heavy suits， and the contact lenses （which made their eyesight worse） gave them a small taste of the physical problems of old age. They were also coached to walk and speak like people in their seventies." " "（67）" " "There was a video diary to record their experiences and hidden cameras to record how other people reacted to them.

（選自2022年上海市長寧區一模試卷）

綜合各個選項，我們發現，E項和67空的前面各句共享主語“they”。這段話是對一個實驗的具體描述，表示時間的副詞“then”能夠清楚說明實驗的各個步驟，即先做什么，后做什么。因此67題的正確選項是E項。

（2）空格相鄰文本中出現的連詞和副詞。

A. It also supports academic and work skills such as problem solving.

B. In fact， many people have an endless fascination with the IQ scores of famous people.

C. More flexible people adapt to the unexpected event and try every means to find a solution.

D. It is essentially about learning to learn and being able to be flexible about the way you learn.

E. That’s because people who are cognitively flexible are better recognising potential faults in themselves and using strategies to overcome these faults.

F. Such flexible people may also have changed these routines from time to time， trying to find better and more varied ways of going about their day.

IQ is often regarded as a crucial driver of success， particularly in fields such as science， innovation and technology." " "（67）" " But the truth is that some of the greatest achievements by our species have primarily relied on qualities such as creativity， imagination， curiosity and so on.

（選自2022年上海市黃浦區二模試卷）

67題的突破口是空格后的連詞“But”，從后句得知，在轉折后，真相是偉大的成就，與創造力、想象力、好奇心等品質有關。通過聯系各個選項，我們可以得出，B項所陳述的“一般人對偉人的IQ得分很著迷”（此信息暗示一般人認為偉大的成就取決于高智商）與“But”引導的這句話能構成轉折關系。因此，67題的正確選項是B 項。

在上海市各區歷年的高考英語模擬試卷中，筆者發現有些題目不止考查一種語法銜接手段，命題者甚至會在同一道題目考查多種語法銜接手段，如：

A. This can affect your work.

B. So how should you motivate yourself？

C. However， this should not discourage you.

D. So why should we try to set specific goals？

E. Without motivation， you can neither set a goal nor reach it.

F. Motivation is what you need most to do a good job.

You also need to judge the quality and depth of your motivation. This is quite important， because it is directly related to your commitment. There are times when your heart is not in your work." " "（69）" " "So， slow down and think what you really want to do at that moment. Clarity of thoughts can help you move forward.

（選自2020年上海市閔行區一模試卷）

69題的正確選項是A項。選項中指示代詞“This”指的是前句“你工作時心不在焉”這個事實，而空格后的副詞“So”和選項A構成了因果關系，即因為這樣影響了你的工作，所以要慢下來進行思考。由此可見，此題通過指示代詞和副詞兩種語法銜接手段，考查了指示和連接兩種語法銜接關系。

三、“六選四”中的詞匯銜接：復現關系

韓禮德和哈桑將詞匯銜接中的“復現關系”分為原詞復現、同義詞與近義詞、上義詞與下義詞和概括詞四大類。上海高考英語“六選四”題型對復現關系的考查集中在前三類，即原詞復現、同義復現和上下義復現。

（一）原詞復現

A. In theory， the longer break will allow your brain to relax， reset， and get ready for the next round of Pomodoros.

B. Without a good system in place， it is easy to lose focus， waste time， and lose track of our most important tasks.

C. While you are working， block out all unnecessary distractions.

D. It uses a timer to break down your work into 25-minute blocks separated by short breaks.

E. If you’re managing a team， have everyone start the Pomodoro at the same time， and do breaks at the same time.

F. It can be something big， something small， or something that you've been putting off for months.

The Pomodoro Technique was developed by Francesco Cirillo in the late 1980s." " "（68）" " "Each block is known as a pomodoro， the Italian word for “tomato.” Cirillo named the system after the tomato-shaped kitchen timer that he used to track his work time when he was studying as a university student. He developed a habit of doing short blocks of work followed by resting periods. He realized this method could help him work with time instead of struggling against it.

...

Next， set a timer for 25 minutes. Try to spend the full 25 minutes with your complete attention on the task. Then， when the timer goes off， take a five-minute break. Sit back， have a drink， go for a short walk， or do something else that is not work-related. Once you have completed four of these 30-minute cycles， treat yourself to a longer break that lasts 15 to 30 minutes" " " "（70）" " " .

（選自2021年上海市楊浦區一模試卷）

通過逐一代入各個選項，我們可以發現，緊接68空的“each block”和選項D的“blocks”，選項A的“the longer break”以及70空前句的“a long break”構成原詞復現，所以68題和70題的答案分別為D項和A項。

當然，除名詞外，代詞也能構成原詞復現關系。如前文提到的2022年上海市長寧區一模試卷67題正確選項E的主語代詞“they”和前面各句共享主語，屬于原詞復現。另外，詞性轉換也能構成原詞復現關系，如2022年上海市徐匯區一模試卷69題正確選項D中的“preference”和下文中的“prefer”雖詞性不同，但也屬于此類復現。

（二）同義詞復現

A. Research shows that co-rumination is a double-edged sword.

B. In that way， a problem shared can really be a problem halved.

C. Girls are more likely than boys to co-ruminate with their close friends.

D. Indeed， having close friends to trust may protect you against poor mental health.

E. This human tendency to work things out in one's mind， is common.

F. How you co-ruminate matters too.

（68）" " "In a study involving children aged seven to 15 years of age， researchers found that co-rumination in both boys and girls is associated with “high-quality” and close friendships. However， in girls， it was also associated with anxiety and depression （the same association was not found with the boys）. And studies suggest that co-rumination isn't just a problem for girls. Co-rumination with work colleagues can increase the risk of stress and burn out， one study suggests.

（選自2018年上海市徐匯區二模試卷）

通過分析各個選項，我們可以發現，正確選項A項的“research”和68題空格后面的“study”是一組近義詞，都指“研究”，屬于同義復現關系。且該選項所提到的“double-edged sword”（雙刃劍）和下文提到的 “高質量且親密的友誼”，“焦慮和抑郁”這兩個相反的方面呼應，因此，從段落結構的角度看，A項可以充當這個段落最理想的主題句（topic sentence）。

（三）上下義復現

A. Social integration is no doubt a continuous changing process.

B. Formal education is one common platform that brings together diversified groups.

C. Integration also takes place in various arts programmes which are supported by local community.

D. Concerted efforts are made to ensure there are equal opportunities for migrants regardless of their backgrounds.

E. Societies are better off if they promote social integration through common practices that reduce tension， discrimination and poverty.

F. Social integration should be guided in reasonable steps and stimulated by local governments.

Still， countries have also acknowledged that human movement across borders cannot be stopped. Instead， it should be better managed so that migration is safe， legal and beneficial for everyone." " "70" " "Indeed， the government and local communities play a key role in integrating these newcomers and empowering them to contribute to their new communities， while maintaining their identities.

（選自2022年上海市黃浦區一模試卷）

綜合各個選項，E項的“societies”和70空后的“government and local communities”屬于上下義關系，即社會包括了政府和當地社區，所以含有上義詞“societies”的E項為正確選項。而干擾項F項僅僅提到“local governments”，明顯范圍過小，特別是和后面的“local communities”不能呼應，所以F項為錯誤選項。

在實際命題中，命題者有時會在同一題目中對語法銜接手段和詞匯銜接手段同時進行考查。如前文提到的2022年上海市長寧區一模試卷67題同時考查了副詞“also”和原詞復現“they”，2022年上海市徐匯區一模試卷69題同時考查了副詞“then”和原詞復現“prefer”。

因此，學生在實際解題中，必須格外關注“代詞”“副詞”“連詞”的語法銜接手段和“原詞復現”“同義復現”“上下義復現”的詞匯銜接手段。他們需要通過仔細閱讀，圈劃出選項中的六句話及空格相鄰語句中（一般是前后句）所有的代詞、連詞和副詞。（這里需要圈劃的“代詞，連詞，和副詞”一定是能和上下文產生聯系的詞，如果在本句話中已經有所指代，或已經和本句中其他的小句產生因果，轉折，遞進，時間等邏輯關系，則不必圈劃。）然后，再將六個選項逐一代入空格，仔細觀察已圈劃出的代詞、連詞和副詞與上下文之間的聯系，并在代入的過程中探索是否有“原詞復現”“同義復現”和“上下義復現”的可能，從而加以綜合判斷，最終確定答案。經過長期的教學實踐，筆者發現，該方法能夠有效提高學生“六選四”閱讀理解的成績。這充分說明語篇銜接理論能夠有效指導“六選四”閱讀教學。

四、以語篇銜接理論為指導的“六選四”閱讀教學將英語核心素養培養落實在課堂

新課標明確了英語學科核心素養：語言能力、文化意識、思維品質和學習能力。筆者認為，語篇銜接理論除了幫助學生提高“六選四”解題效率和準確率外，將其用來指導“六選四”閱讀教學能夠明顯提高學生的語言能力、思維品質和學習能力，從而把英語學科核心素養落實在課堂教學中。

語言能力方面，熟練掌握各種語法和詞匯銜接手段，學生就能夠有效地理解語篇中顯性或隱性的邏輯關系，從而使其閱讀理解水平得到明顯提升。其次，熟練掌握各種銜接手段也能使學生在寫作時重視文章段落及句子間組織結構的連貫性，保證其文章結構的清晰和嚴謹，進而提高學生的英語寫作水平。

思維品質方面，以語篇銜接理論為指導的“六選四”閱讀教學，其本質是一種語篇分析活動，有助于提高學生的分析能力。掌握各種語法和詞匯銜接手段后，學生可以從語境、信息、結構等層面分析文本，厘清文本內在的錯綜復雜的關系。通過分析各種信息存在的關聯和差異，學生可以推斷出它們之間的邏輯關系，引導其思維由“低階”向“高階”穩步發展，進而有效提高其思維品質。

學習能力方面，語篇銜接理論指導下的“六選四”閱讀教學要求學生每時每刻都要關注各種銜接手段。熟練掌握這些銜接手段的益處不僅僅限于提高英語考試中“六選四”部分的成績，從長遠來看，還能夠有效幫助學生養成良好的解題習慣和閱讀習慣，進而提高他們分析文本和解決問題的能力，從而自主、高效地開展學習，提高閱讀各類文本的效率。《深度學習：走向核心素養（理論普及讀本）》一書中明確指出，深度學習就是好的教學，內在地包含著學生積極主動的學習。由此可見，通過語篇銜接理論閱讀教學培養學生的自主學習能力能夠幫助學生向“深度學習”邁進。

五、以語篇銜接理論為指導的“六選四”教學建議

為了更好地提高“六選四”閱讀教學和習題講評的效果和效率，幫助學生在考試中取得高分，從長遠來看，為了將核心素養更好地落實在課堂教學中，全面提升學生的語言素養，筆者提出以下教學建議：

（一）加強各種銜接手段的專項訓練，增強學生對各種銜接手段的敏感性和熟練度

教師可將之前練習過的“六選四”題目進行拆解和分類，最終整理成這類銜接手段的專項練習題，如將所有考查“代詞”銜接手段的題目單獨挑出，形成一套約10～15道題目的小試卷，專門幫助學生練習“代詞”的銜接手段，其他銜接手段的專項練習整理方法與此相同。這種專項訓練能夠幫助學生熟練掌握各類銜接手段，在解題中對各類銜接手段進行快速檢索和圈劃，以便準確判斷出正確選項。

（二）鼓勵學生在記憶單詞時進行“聯想記憶”

聯想記憶即在記憶一個單詞時，要把與其語義相關的詞匯一起記憶，包括同義詞、近義詞、反義詞、上下義詞，等等，形成一個語義網。最理想的狀態就是如果這個語義網的一個單詞得到激活，那么所有單詞就都能被激活。詞匯銜接手段“原詞復現”“同義復現”和“上下義復現”本質上就是考查學生語義關聯詞匯的掌握情況。筆者發現，在實際的“六選四”試題中，“同義復現”和“上下義復現”類的題目錯誤率往往非常高，遠高于“原詞復現”類題目的錯誤率。如果學生在平時記憶單詞時，多聯想記憶，對與其語義相關的詞匯多加重視和積累，這個問題將會在很大程度上得到改善。

六、結語

將語篇銜接理論應用于“六選四”閱讀理解的教學，并以此為依據的形成的解題策略能夠有效激活學生的思維，幫助學生在考試緊張的時間壓力下迅速找出解題突破口，進而提高解題正確率。其次，也能降低“六選四”習題的講評難度，提升教學效率。同時，這也是貫徹在“雙新”背景下高中英語新課標的具體要求，將核心素養落實在課堂，實現“教學評一體化”的具體體現。

總之，語篇銜接理論為“解答難”“講評難”的“六選四”題型解答和講評提供了重要的理論基礎，為這個全新的視角給予高中英語閱讀教學提供了有效可行的策略，值得教師不斷探索和完善。

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